Sauƙaƙe dama? Sai dai babu wani abu game da waɗannan batura mai sauƙi a zahiri da zarar kun fara bincika cikakkun bayanai, waɗanda nake shirin yi saboda ba zan iya taimakawa kaina ba.
Me yasa lithium ko? (A nan ne nake jin haushi)
Lamba mai lamba 3. Hydrogen, helium, lithium. Wannan shi ne oda. Super kankanin zarra domin yana da proton 3 kawai.
Kuma ga abin game da lithium - GASKIYA yana son ya kawar da na'urar lantarki ta waje. Kamar tsananin so. Yana da irin m ta wannan hanya. Kun san waɗancan bidiyon na mutane suna jefa sodium a cikin ruwa kuma ya fizge ya kama wuta? Lithium yana yin haka amma MORE. Na kalli wani ya sauke guntun karfen lithium cikin guga na ruwa sau ɗaya a zanga-zangar aminci a 2011 (ko 2012?) Bokitin ya narke.
Jira a'a, guga bai narke ba. Ruwan ya tafasa sai lithium ya kama wuta a saman. Bokitin yayi kyau. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar zuciyata ce.
Ko ta yaya batu shine: ƙarfe na lithium mai tsabta yana da haɗari. Shi yasa batirin lithium na zamani{1}ion ba sa amfani da karfen lithium zalla - suna amfani da lithium IONS. Tuni lithium oxidized. Samfurin Li+. Hanya mafi kwanciyar hankali.
Wutar lantarki da kuke samu yana kusa da 3.6-3.7V akan kowane tantanin halitta wanda yake da kyau. Ya fi alkaline (1.5V) ko NiMH (1.2V). Ma'ana kuna buƙatar ƙarancin sel don buga ƙarfin ƙarfin ku. Shi ya sa batirin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka yana da sel guda 6 maimakon kamar 15.
Hakanan - kuma yakamata in ambaci wannan - lithium na farko shine HASKE. Abu na uku mafi sauƙi. Don haka kuna samun yawan kuzari mai yawa ba tare da nauyin hauka ba. Shi ya sa EVs ke amfani da lithium -ion ba gubar ba{6}}acid. Batirin gubar -acid mai ƙarfi iri ɗaya zai auna a zahiri sau 5-6. Tesla naku zai buƙaci cokali mai yatsu don canza baturin.
Haƙiƙanin abubuwan haɗin gwiwa (daure wannan yana samun fasaha)
Anode (bangaren mara kyau):
Yawanci graphite. Ee, kayan iri ɗaya ne waɗanda ke cikin fensir, sai dai mafi tsafta da sarrafa su daban.
Graphite yana da wannan sigar lu'u-lu'u - tunanin wani bene na katunan a matakin atomic. Rawanin rundunonin van der Waals ne ke riƙe da yadudduka tare (kungiyoyin sinadarai na makarantar sakandare da ke dawowa kan ku). Lithium ions na iya zamewa tsakanin waɗannan yadudduka kuma kawai ... rataya a can. Kalmar fasaha ita ce "intercalation" amma ina tsammanin shi kamar yin fakin motoci a cikin gareji da yawa{5}.
Matsakaicin iyawarsa shine milliamp 372{1}}awa a kowace gram. Gaskiya - duniya za ku sami 340-360 mAh/g idan masana'anta ba su da daɗi. Na ga sel daga wasu masana'antun Sinawa waɗanda da kyar suke iya buga 310 mAh/g. Ba za a ambaci sunayen ba amma idan kun sake tsara haruffa a cikin "BYD" za ku sami ... okay Ina sanya sunaye. Kwayoyin su na farko sun kasance marasa ƙarfi. Sun sami mafi kyau tun kamar 2018 ko da yake.
Yanzu kowa yana ci gaba da magana game da anodes na silicon saboda silicon na iya ɗaukar lithium 10x a zahiri fiye da graphite. Sauti mai ban mamaki ko? 3700+ mAh/g iya aiki.
Matsalar - kuma wannan ita ce matsalar da aka "kusan warwarewa" tun lokacin da na fara wannan masana'antar - shine siliki yana faɗaɗa da kusan 300% idan kun kunna shi. Barbashi a zahiri sun rabu. Ka yi tunanin zazzage balloon a cikin shingen kankare. Siminti baya jujjuyawa, karya kawai yake yi.
Tesla yana amfani da wasu silicon yanzu, gauraye da graphite. Wataƙila 5-10% silicon? Na ji kashi 8 ne amma ina iya kuskure. Batun shine kadan ne. Silicone anodes masu tsafta har yanzu ba a shirye su ke ba duk da abin da kowane rukunin farawa na Series A ya yi iƙirari.
Cathode (gefe mai kyau):
Haba yaro. A nan ne abin ya rikice saboda akwai kamar 6 daban-daban na cathode chemistries kuma kowa yana da ra'ayi game da wanda ya fi kyau kuma duk sun yi kuskure saboda ya dogara da aikace-aikacen ku.
Na asali daga Sony a 1991 shine lithium cobalt oxide - LiCoO₂. Muna kiransa "LCO" a takaice. Yawan makamashi yana da kyau sosai - 150-200 mAh/g dangane da wanda ya yi shi. Amma kwanciyar hankali na thermal yana da muni. Idan kun cika shi ko kuma ya yi zafi sosai, tsarin crystal yana fitar da iskar oxygen. Oxygen + Organic electrolyte + zafi=mummunar rana. Wataƙila Wayarka tana amfani da LCO ko da yake saboda wayoyi ba sa buƙatar ɗaukar shekaru 10 kuma ba ku da sauri{13}}yana cajin su a 10C.
Sannan akwai NMC- nickel manganese cobalt oxide. Wannan shine abin da yawancin EVs ke amfani dashi yanzu. Rabon nickel zuwa manganese zuwa cobalt yana ci gaba da canzawa. An fara kamar 1: 1: 1 (daidai sashe). Sa'an nan masana'antun sun koma 5: 3: 2. Sai 6:2:2. Yanzu muna a kamar 8:1:1 ko ma 9:0.5:0.5 a wasu manyan sel na ƙarshe{20}.
Me yasa motsi? Cobalt yana da tsada. Kamar tsada sosai. Haka kuma yawancin cobalt sun fito ne daga DRC (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) da yanayin hakar ma'adinai a can... mai sarkakiya. Yin aikin yara, yanayin rashin tsaro, duk rikici. Don haka kowa yana ƙoƙarin amfani da ƙarancin cobalt.
Ƙarin nickel=ƙarin ƙarfi amma ƙasa da kwanciyar hankali. Ƙarin manganese=mai rahusa kuma mafi kwanciyar hankali amma ƙasa da ƙarfi. Ƙarin cobalt=mafi kwanciyar hankali da ingantaccen rayuwa amma $$$ da batutuwan ɗa'a.
Koyaushe ana yin ciniki -. Koyaushe. Na yi jayayya da yawa tare da manajan samfur game da wannan. Suna son yawan kuzarin kuzari DA tsawon rayuwar zagayowar da ƙarancin farashi da aminci mai kyau. Kuna iya ɗaukar watakila biyu. Wataƙila.
Akwai kuma NCA- nickel cobalt aluminum. Tesla sun yi amfani da wannan tsawon shekaru a cikin dogayen fakitin su{2}. Panasonic ya sanya su a gigafactory Nevada. Na zagaya wata masana'antar batir daban sau ɗaya - ba waccan ba, amma wurin masu fafatawa - kuma busasshen ɗakin kawai ya kasance mahaukaci. Mai yiwuwa tsarin sarrafa iska ya kai dala miliyan ${8}}. Duk abin da ya zama ƙasa da -40 digiri maki ko electrolyte gishiri sha danshi da kuma haifar da hydrofluoric acid. HF za ta ci ta wani abu. Gilashi, karfe, kashi. M kaya.
Oh da LFP - lithium iron phosphate. Wannan yana sake dawowa. Ya fi aminci, mai rahusa kowace kWh, kuma yana dadewa. Na ji labarin sel LFP suna yin keken keke na 5000+ zuwa iya aiki 80%. Wataƙila ma 6000. Ƙarƙashin ƙasa shine ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfi - kawai kamar 120-140 mAh/g vs 180-200 don NMC.
Tesla ya fara sanya LFP a cikin Standard Range Model 3s a kusa da 2021. Kasuwar Sinawa ta fara sanya su. Yana da ma'ana - CATL shine babbar masana'antar LFP kuma suna cikin China.
Wasu mutane suna koka game da asarar kewayon LFP a cikin yanayin sanyi. Ya fi NMC muni. Amma sel sun fi arha kuma suna dadewa don haka ga yawancin aikace-aikacen yana da darajar cinikin{2}. Zan ɗauki fakitin LFP don motar birni. Don dogon - babban titin jirgin ruwa watakila a'a.
Electrolyte:
Wannan shine ruwa a tsakiya. Yana gudanar da ions amma ba electrons ba, wanda yake da mahimmanci saboda idan yana gudanar da electrons za ku sami ɗan gajeren lokaci.
Yawanci lithium hexafluorophosphate - LiPF₆ - yana narkar da shi cikin abubuwan kaushi. Abubuwan kaushi yawanci haɗuwa ne na ethylene carbonate (EC) da dimethyl carbonate (DMC) ko diethyl carbonate (DEC).
Anan ga daki-daki mai ban mamaki: EC yana da ƙarfi a zafin daki. Matsayin narkewa yana kusa da digiri 36. Don haka EC za ta daskare a cikin hunturu. Shi ya sa kuke hada shi da DMC ko DEC wadanda suke ruwa kasa kamar -70 digiri ko wani abu. Cakuda yana tsayawa ruwa a cikin madaidaicin yanayi.
Hakanan carbonates na halitta suna ƙonewa. Ba man fetur ba{1}}matakin flammable amma tabbas yana ƙonewa. Na ga gwajin shigar farce sau ɗaya inda muka tuƙa ƙusa da gangan ta cikin tantanin halitta mai caji. Ya fara fitar da iskar gas da farko - sauti mai fitowa - sannan wuta ta harba ramin. Ya kai tsayin mita 2. Gabaɗayan tantanin halitta ya sami ƙila digiri 800 bisa ga hoton kyamarar zafi.
Wannan gwajin sarrafawa ne tare da kashe wuta da komai. Har yanzu ban tsoro ko da yake.
Gishiri na LiPF₆ hygroscopic ne kamar jahannama. Yana son ruwa. Idan ya jika sai ya shiga HF. Shi ya sa kera batir ke faruwa a cikin dakuna bushe sosai. Ina magana da raɓa na -40 digiri ko ƙasa. Tsarin dehumidification yawanci ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan masu amfani da makamashi a masana'antar tantanin halitta.
Na ziyarci wurin sau ɗaya inda busasshen ɗakin ya bushe sosai yana jin zafi. Hancinka zai bushe cikin mintuna kaɗan. Duk wanda ke aiki a wurin dole ne ya yi amfani da feshin saline akai-akai. Ba yanayin aiki mai daɗi ba.
Mai raba:
Bangaren da aka manta. Yana da kawai bakin ciki na polymer membrane amma yana da mahimmanci.
Yawancin lokaci polypropylene (PP) ko polyethylene (PE). Wani lokaci trilayer tare da PP -PE{2}} PP. Yawan kauri shine 20-25 microns. Siriri kenan. Sirara fiye da gashin ɗan adam (70-100 microns).
Yana da ramukan ƙananan ramuka - kamar diamita na nanometer 100 - wanda ke barin ions ta shiga amma toshe electrons. Hakanan yana kiyaye anode da cathode a jiki. Idan sun taɓa= gajeriyar kewayawa=munanan abubuwa suna faruwa da sauri.
Kun tuna da gobarar Samsung Galaxy Note 7? 2016. Hakan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda lalacewa ta raba. Samsung ya tsara baturin da tsauri sosai. Sirara da yawa, cushe sosai, babu haƙuri don faɗaɗawa. Wasu sel sun danne mai rarrabawa da ƙarfi a kusurwa ɗaya. Tabo mara ƙarfi ya haɓaka. A ƙarshe ya sami rami. Gajeren ciki. Guduwar thermal. Wuta.
Sun tuna wayoyi miliyan 2.5. An dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama. Kudin Samsung biliyoyin. Duk saboda wani yanki na filastik da ya fi takarda sirara.
Ina da ra'ayoyi game da ƙirar baturi mai ƙarfi. Masu masana'anta suna ci gaba da matsawa da ƙarfi da ƙarfi don doke gasar. Amma akwai iyaka. Kimiyyar lissafi ba ta damu da jadawalin ƙaddamar da samfurin ku ba.
Yadda yake aiki a zahiri (bangaren da kowa ya tsallake)
Yin caji:
Ka toshe wayarka. Caja yana tilasta wa electrons a cikin anode kuma yana jan su daga cathode. Wannan ya sa cathode ya saki lithium ions. ions suna tafiya ta hanyar electrolyte zuwa anode. Suna shiga cikin tsarin graphite.
Yi la'akari da shi kamar damfara marmaro. Lithium ions ba sa so su kasance a cikin anode a zahiri - sun fi kwanciyar hankali a cikin cathode. Amma kuna tilasta musu can ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki. Ajiye makamashi.
Ana fitarwa:
Kuna cire haɗin da amfani da wayarka. The spring sake. Lithium ions suna komawa zuwa cathode ta hanyar electrolyte. Electrons suna gudana ta kewayen wayarka daga anode zuwa cathode. Wannan kwararar wutar lantarki tana yin iko da na'urarka.
Wutar lantarki ya dogara da sinadarai da yanayin caji. Don NMC ko NCA:
Cikakken caji: ~ 4.2V
Sunan mahaifi: ~ 3.7V
Cikakken fitarwa: ~ 3.0V
Kada ku yi ƙasa da 3.0V ko ku fara sanya ƙarfe na lithium wanda ke da haɗari. Kada ku wuce sama da 4.2V ko kuna haɗarin guduwar thermal. Shi ya sa tsarin sarrafa baturi (BMS) ya kasance. Suna lura da ƙarfin lantarki da zafin jiki da halin yanzu kuma suna rufe abubuwa idan wani abu ya ga kuskure.
Kyakkyawan ƙirar BMS yana da wahala. Da gaske wuya. Kuna buƙatar lokutan amsawa cikin sauri, ingantattun na'urori masu auna firikwensin, sake dubawar aminci. BMS mai arha ita ce hanya mafi sauri don juyar da ingantaccen baturi zuwa haɗarin wuta.
Matsalolin (Ya mutum akwai matsaloli da yawa)
Matsala ta 1: Lalacewa babu makawa
Kowane caji - zagayowar fitarwa yana lalata baturin. Ba zai yuwu ba. Thermodynamics.
Akwai wannan abu da ake kira SEI Layer - solid electrolyte interphase - wanda ke samuwa akan saman anode. Haƙiƙa ya zama dole don baturin yayi aiki. Amma yana ci gaba da girma akan lokaci kuma yana cinye lithium mai aiki. Bayan 500 zagayowar za ku iya samun damar 90% saura. Bayan 1000 watakila 80%. Bayan 2000 ... ya dogara.
Ina da MacBook daga 2015 wanda har yanzu yana nuna lafiyar baturi 78%. Ina baby da shi duk da cewa - ba kasafai nake barin shi kasa da kashi 40 ba, ajiye shi a ciki idan zai yiwu, kar a yi cajin shi a cikin mota mai zafi. Matata tana da MacBook na 2018 wanda ke da lafiya kashi 62% saboda tana aiki da ƙarfi. Cikakkiyar zagayowar yau da kullun, yana barin shi yana caji dare ɗaya, yana amfani da shi akan cinyarta yayin da yake zafi. Yadda kuke bi da baturi yana da mahimmanci.
Hakanan cathode yana raguwa. Babban{1} nickel NMC yana da muni musamman. Sama da 4.3V saman cathode yana fara amsawa tare da electrolyte. Ƙarfe ions (nickel, manganese, cobalt) na iya narke da ƙaura zuwa anode inda suke lalata SEI. Akwai kuma wannan abu da ake kira cathode densification inda tsarin crystal sannu a hankali ya haɗu kuma ya rasa porosity.
Ba za a iya hana wannan da gaske ba. Chemistry ne kawai. Entropy koyaushe yana cin nasara.
Matsala ta 2: Zazzabi yana lalata komai
Kasa da digiri 0 electrolyte yana samun danko kamar zuma mai sanyi. Jirgin ion yana raguwa. Kuna rasa yuwuwar 20{7}} 30% iya aiki a - digiri 10 . Ko da mafi muni, idan ka yi ƙoƙarin yin cajin baturi mai sanyi da sauri za ka sanya lithium na ƙarfe a kan anode maimakon musanyawa da shi. Wannan yana haifar da dendrites - tsarin allura irin na ƙarfe na lithium wanda zai iya girma kuma a ƙarshe ya huda mai raba. Gajeren ciki. Wuta.
Sama da digiri 40-45, duk halayen lalata suna haɓaka. Ka'idar babban yatsan hannu: kowane karuwar digiri 10 yana ninka ƙimar amsawa. Don haka baturi a digiri 45 yana ragewa kusan 4x sauri fiye da digiri 25.
Ina zaune a Texas Yanayin bazara ya kai 100 digiri F+ (digiri 38 +). Na ga batirin EV wanda ya rasa ƙarfin 15% a cikin shekaru 3 kawai daga bayyanar zafi. A halin yanzu EVs a Minnesota da kyar suke raguwa a lokacin rani - amma suna rasa iyaka a lokacin hunturu saboda sanyi. Ba za a iya yin nasara ba.
Mafi kyawun zafin jiki na aiki shine kamar digiri 20-25. Sa'a mai kyau don kiyaye hakan a cikin duniyar gaske.
Matsala ta 3: Yin caji mai sauri yana da matsala ta asali
Kowa na son yin caji na minti 10{3} EV kamar tashar mai. Amma tura babbar wuta ta batir yana haifar da zafi. Asarar I²R - juriyar lokutan murabba'i na yanzu. Juriya karama ce amma ba sifili ba. A cajin 250kW kuna haifar da gagarumin zafi.
Hakanan caji mai sauri yana ƙarfafa kayan lantarki da injina. Ƙaddamar da ions don tafiya da sauri ta cikin tsarin. Zai iya haifar da tsagewa da karaya a cikin lokaci.
Tesla Superchargers (V3) na iya yin kololuwar 250kW. Amma suna tafe da sauri. Wataƙila 250kW na minti 5, sannan 150kW, sannan 100kW, sannan 50kW. BMS ke kare sel.
Sabbin tsarin 800V daga Porsche da Hyundai na iya yin 350kW. Amma a taƙaice. Physics shine ilimin lissafi.
Akwai bincike cikin sauri{0}}cajin{1}}ingantattun ƙirar lantarki. Na'urorin lantarki masu ƙarfi, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, mafi kyawun sutura. Yana taimakawa. Amma ba za ku iya yaudarar thermodynamics ba.
Matsala ta 4: Wuta
Batirin lithium{0}ion ba sa kama wuta akai-akai. Hanya kasa da motocin mai. Amma idan sun yi abin yana da ban mamaki.
Guduwar thermal. Da zarar tantanin halitta ya sami matsananciyar zafin jiki - ya bambanta ta hanyar sinadarai, ƙila 150{3}} 200 digiri - halayen exothermic sun fara. SEI na rubewa. Mai raba narke. Electrolyt yana tafasa. Cathode yana fitar da oxygen. Kowane amsa yana haifar da zafi wanda ke haifar da ƙarin halayen. Kyakkyawan madauki na amsawa.
Ba za ku iya kashe shi da ruwa kamar wuta ta al'ada ba. Ina nufin za ku iya zubar da ruwa a kai don kwantar da shi amma tantanin halitta yana ci gaba da haifar da zafi a ciki. Sashen kashe gobara suna ƙin gobarar EV. Ɗauki sa'o'i don kashewa. Za a iya mulki daga baya.
Kwayoyin zamani suna da fasalulluka na aminci ko da yake. Kashe masu rarrabawa waɗanda ke rufe lokacin da zafi. Matsa lamba. Katsewa na yanzu. Thermal fuses. Bugu da kari BMS yana kallon komai.
Har yanzu yana faruwa wani lokaci ko da yake. Yana ba da labari kowane lokaci ko da yake EVs sun fi aminci fiye da motocin gas. Matsalar PR.
Matsala ta 5: Da'a na Cobalt
70% na cobalt ya fito ne daga DRC. Yawancin shi daga ma'adinan artisanal tare da mummunan yanayin aiki. Rahoton aikin yara. Lalacewar muhalli. Yana da rikici.
Kowa yana ƙoƙarin amfani da ƙarancin cobalt. High{1} nickel NMC yana amfani da kadan kadan. LFP yana amfani da sifili. Amma cobalt yana daidaita tsarin cathode. Idan ba tare da shi ba kuna buƙatar ingantacciyar kulawar thermal da tsauraran iyakar wutar lantarki.
Farashin Cobalt shima hauka ne. Karkashin $30k/ton a shekarar 2016. Ya tashi zuwa $90k+ a 2018. Ya fadi zuwa $25k a 2020. Yanzu kusan $35k/ton. Yaya kuke tsara samarwa lokacin da farashin kayan aikin ku ya canza 3x?
Matsala ta shida: hargitsin sarkar kaya
Farashin lithium ya tafi goro a cikin 2021-2022. $6k/ton a shekarar 2020. Ya kai kamar $80k/ton a karshen 2022. Ya fadi zuwa $12k/ton a 2024. Yanzu kusan $15k/ton a 2025.
Yawancin lithium sun fito ne daga Ostiraliya (hard rock ma'adinai) ko Kudancin Amirka (hakar brine daga gidajen gishiri a Chile/Argentina/Bolivia - "lithium triangle"). Amma yawancin sarrafawa yana faruwa a China. Kamar kashi 75% na ƙarfin tace lithium na duniya.
Kasar Sin kuma tana sarrafa sarrafa baturi - 75% na samar da kwayar halitta ta duniya. Kuma 90% na kayan anode (aikin graphite).
Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Amurka da Turai ke fafutuka don gina sarkar samar da kayayyaki a cikin gida. Amma a hankali. Yana ɗaukar shekaru don gina gigafactory. Yana ɗaukar tsawon lokaci don gina sarkar samar da kayayyaki na sama.
Baturi -makin lithium yana buƙatar zama mai tsafta. Kasa da 0.01% najasa. Wannan matakin tacewa baya arha ko sauri.
Me yasa muke makale da lithium- (a yanzu)
Duk da duk abin da kawai na yi korafi akai, lithium{0} ion shine mafi kyawun zaɓi a sikelin kasuwanci.
Yawan makamashi: 250-300 Wh/kg a matakin salula. Wataƙila 160-180 Wh/kg a matakin fakitin bayan ƙara sanyaya da tsari da BMS. Wannan ya isa ga 300+ mil EVs ba tare da nauyi mai ban dariya ba.
Kwatanta:
Gubar -Acid: 30-50 Wh/kg (mai nauyi kamar fuck)
NiMH: 60-120 Wh/kg (abin da Prius yayi amfani da shi)
NiCd: 40-60 Wh/kg (kuma mai guba, galibi an cire shi)
Manufacturing ya balaga. Dubban masu kaya. Gigafactories da yawa. Kafa sarkar samar da kayayyaki. Tattalin arzikin ma'auni.
Tesla's Nevada gigafactory yana hari 35 GWh / shekara. Wannan ya isa 500k+ EVs. CATL a China yana yin ƙarin - Ina tsammanin 200+ GWh/shekara? Wataƙila 300? Dole ne in duba.
Duk abubuwan more rayuwa suna ɗaukar lithium{0}ion shima. Matsayin caji (CCS, NACS, CHAdeMO). BMS algorithms. Dokokin tsaro. Hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su. Ba za a iya musanya cikin wani sinadari na daban ba tare da sake fasalin komai ba.
Me zai iya maye gurbinsa a ƙarshe
Batura masu ƙarfi -:Sauya electrolyte ruwa mai ƙarfi da yumbu ko gilashi ko kayan sulfide. Abũbuwan amfãni: babu yoyo, ƙasa da hadarin wuta, watakila amfani da lithium karfe anodes don mafi girma makamashi yawa.
QuantumScape, Solid Power, Toyota, Samsung - kowa yana aiki a kai. QuantumScape yana da'awar 800 Wh/kg a cikin sel na lab tare da kewayawa 800+. Abin burgewa idan gaskiya ne.
Matsaloli: Juriyar mu'amala tsakanin m electrolyte da na'urorin lantarki. Yana da wahala a kula da kyakkyawar hulɗa sama da dubban zagayawa yayin da kayan ke faɗaɗa/kwagila. Yawancin ƙwaƙƙwaran electrolytes masu gatse - dendrites na iya fashe ta cikin su. Kerawa a sikelin gaba ɗaya ba shi da tabbas.
Ina da shakka za mu ga wannan a cikin manyan motoci kafin 2030. Wataƙila 2028 idan wani ya sami nasara. Amma tabbas daga baya. Na ji "jihar - ya rage saura shekaru 5" tsawon shekaru 10 da suka gabata.
Lithium{0}sulfur:Matsakaicin adadin kuzari na 2600 Wh/kg. Sulfur yana da arha kuma yana da yawa.
Matsala: tasirin shuttle polysulfide. Matsakaicin samfuran suna narkewa a cikin electrolyte suna haifar da saurin fashewar ƙarfi. Bayan zagayowar 50 baturin yana tost.
Wannan an "kusan an warware" tsawon shekaru 20+. Har yanzu babu.
Sodium{0} ion:A gaskiya yana faruwa a yanzu. CATL ya fara samarwa a cikin 2023. BYD yana aiki akan shi.
Sodium yana ko'ina (ruwa na teku). Hanya mai arha fiye da lithium. Za a iya amfani da kayan aiki iri ɗaya.
Amma ƙarfin kuzari yana ƙasa: 150{2}}160 Wh/kg vs 250-300 don lithium-ion.
Yana da ma'ana don ma'ajiya ta tsaye da EVs na kasafin kuɗi. Ba maye gurbin lithium{1} ion a cikin samfuran ƙima kowane lokaci nan ba da jimawa ba.
Lithium karfe anodes:Yi amfani da ƙarfe na lithium maimakon graphite. Rike electrolyte ruwa. Zai iya buga 400-500 Wh/kg a matakin tantanin halitta.
Matsalar Dendrite ta ci gaba. Kowa yana da nasa bayani - coatings, electrolyte additives, da dai sauransu. Za mu ga wanda ya yi nasara da farko.
Oh kumalithium polymer baturi- yakamata ya ambaci waɗannan. Suna amfani da gel ko m polymer electrolyte maimakon ruwa. Sirara, masu sauƙi, mafi sassauƙan siffofi. Kila belun kunne mara waya ta ku yana da ɗaya. Dan kadan ya fi ruwa lafiya amma yawan kuzari kusan iri daya ne. Har yanzu fasaha ce ta lithium - ion tech, kawai an shirya ta daban. Sassan tallace-tallace suna son kiran su "LiPo" kamar wani abu ne na juyin juya hali. Ba haka ba.
