Menene Specific Energy? {0} Polinovel

Ƙimar takamammen makamashi tana auna adadin kuzarin da aka adana a kowace naúrar abu ko tsarin. An bayyana shi a cikin joules a kowace kilogiram (J/kg) ko watt{1} sa'o'i a kowace kilogiram (Wh/kg), wannan ma'aunin yana ƙayyade adadin kuzarin da ake iya amfani da shi wanda aka bayar ya ƙunshi, yana mai da mahimmanci don kwatanta fasahar ajiyar makamashi da fahimtar iyawar kayan aiki.

Takamaiman makamashi ya bambanta da asali daga yawan kuzari, kodayake sharuɗɗan sau da yawa suna rikicewa. Yayin da yawan makamashi yana auna makamashi a kowace juzu'in naúrar (Wh/L), takamaiman makamashi yana mai da hankali kan taro. Wannan bambance-bambancen yana da mahimmanci a aikace-aikacen da ke haifar da ƙarancin nauyi yana fitar da shawarar ƙira - daga jirgin sama zuwa na'ura mai ɗaukar nauyi zuwa motocin lantarki.

Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da ke bayan takamaiman makamashi ya ƙunshi alaƙa tsakanin makamashin da aka adana da kuma yawan da ake buƙata don ɗaukarsa. A cikin batura, wannan ya ƙunshi kuzari daga halayen sinadarai da aka raba ta jimillar adadin lantarki, electrolyte, separators, da casing. Don man fetur, yana wakiltar zafin da aka saki a lokacin konewa dangane da yawan man fetur.

Specific Energy

Batirin lithium{0}ion yana nuna dalilin da yasa takamaiman makamashi ke da mahimmanci a fasahar zamani. Kwayoyin lithium na yanzu{2} ion suna samun takamaiman kuzari tsakanin 250-270 Wh/kg, yana baiwa wayoyi damar yin aiki na awanni da motocin lantarki don tafiya ɗaruruwan mil. Idan aka kwatanta, baturan gubar-acid na gargajiya suna isar da 30-50 Wh/kg kawai, suna bayanin dalilin da yasa aka maye gurbinsu da yawa a aikace-aikacen hannu duk da ƙarancin farashi.

Sabbin sabbin abubuwa na baya-bayan nan suna tura waɗannan iyakoki gaba. Batura masu ƙarfi a cikin haɓakawa sun yi alƙawarin takamaiman kuzarin da ya wuce 350 Wh/kg, yayin da ci-gaban tsarin lithium{3}}ƙarfe daga kamfanoni kamar Amprius sun nuna 400 Wh/kg a cikin ƙwararrun aikace-aikacen jirgin sama. Waɗannan haɓakawa suna fassara kai tsaye zuwa mafi tsayin lokacin aikin na'ura ko kewayon abin hawa ba tare da ƙara nauyi ba.

Ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa: kayan lantarki, sinadarai na cell, da ingancin ƙira. Nickel{1} arziƙin cathodes suna haɓaka ma'ajin makamashi amma suna gabatar da ƙalubale na kwanciyar hankali. Silicon anodes suna ba da ƙarfi mafi girma fiye da graphite na gargajiya amma ƙwarewar haɓaka ƙara yayin caji. Kowane zaɓin ƙira yana wakiltar ciniki tsakanin takamaiman makamashi da sauran halayen aiki kamar rayuwar sake zagayowar, aminci, da farashi.

Kasusuwan burbushin halittu suna kula da takamaiman kuzari fiye da batura. Man fetur ya ƙunshi kusan 12,700 Wh/kg (46 MJ/kg), yayin da dizal ya kai 13,000 Wh/kg. Wannan yana bayyana dalilin da ya sa, duk da shekarun da aka yi na ci gaban baturi, makamashin ruwa ya kasance mafi rinjaye a cikin jirgin sama da kuma dogayen jigilar jigilar kaya inda nauyi ke da mahimmanci.

Hydrogen yana gabatar da wani lamari mai ban sha'awa tare da takamaiman makamashi na 33,300 Wh/kg -kusan sau uku na man fetur. Koyaya, ƙarancin ƙarancinsa yana buƙatar ko dai babban matsa lamba{4} ko sanyayawar cryogenic, ƙara yawan tsarin da ke rage takamaiman takamaiman kuzari sosai. Hakazalika iskar gas ɗin yana da takamaiman makamashi ta kowace naúrar amma yana buƙatar tsarin ajiya mai nauyi.

A cikin abinci mai gina jiki, takamaiman makamashi yana ƙayyade adadin caloric. Fats suna samar da kusan 38 kJ/g (9 Cal/g), fiye da ninki biyu na furotin da carbohydrates a 16{6}}17 kJ/g (4 Cal/g kowanne). Wannan yana bayyana dalilin da ya sa manyan abinci{7}} mai ya ƙunshi ƙarin adadin kuzari a kowace gram- ƙayyadaddun makamashi na ma'adanai ya mamaye lissafin.

Abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa suna da matuƙar tasiri ga takamaiman kuzarin abinci tunda ruwa yana ƙara yawa ba tare da ba da gudummawar kuzari ba. Sabbin kayan lambu na iya ƙunsar 0.5 - 1 kJ/g kawai, yayin da busassun goro ya wuce 25 kJ/g, duk da duka abinci ne na tushen shuka.

Zane-zanen abin hawa na lantarki yana tattare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun makamashi. Fakitin baturi 75 kWh ta amfani da sel mai 250 Wh/kg yana auna kilogiram 300, yana wakiltar kusan 15-20% na nauyin abin hawa. Ƙara takamaiman ƙarfin baturi zuwa 350 Wh/kg zai rage wannan zuwa kilogiram 214, yana 'yantar da kilogiram 86 don ƙarfin fasinja ko tsawaita kewayo.

Wannan rage nauyi yana raguwa ta hanyar ƙirar abin hawa. Motoci masu sauƙi suna buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarfi don haɓakawa da hawan tudu, ƙananan injina, da ƙarancin tsarin dakatarwa. Masana'antar kera ke yin niyya ga takamaiman kuzarin baturi na 400{3}}500 Wh/kg don sanya motocin lantarki su zama masu nauyi-gasa da motocin mai, waɗanda ke buƙatar ɗaukar kilogiram 50-60 na mai don irin wannan kewayon.

Jiragen sama da na sararin samaniya suna fuskantar ƙarin takamaiman buƙatun makamashi. Kowane kilogiram da aka daga zuwa kewayawa yana kashe dubban daloli a cikin man fetur, wanda ke yin takamaiman batura masu ƙarfi da mahimmanci ga tauraron dan adam da jiragen sama. NASA's Mars rovers suna amfani da ƙwayoyin lithium{2} ion da aka zaɓa musamman don haɗakar takamaiman makamashi da amincinsu a cikin matsanancin zafi.

Ci gaban zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na lantarki yana kan ci gaban baturi. Fasahar lithium na yanzu{1} ion tana ba wa ƙananan jirage marasa matuƙa da gajerun motocin motsa jiki na birni, amma jirgin saman yanki yana buƙatar takamaiman kuzarin da ya wuce 500 Wh/kg don zama mai aiki. Kamfanonin da ke bin jiragen sama masu amfani da wutar lantarki suna lura da ci gaban baturi a hankali, kamar yadda ko da ƙayyadaddun ingantaccen makamashi ke buɗe sabbin ƙirar jiragen sama.

Masu kera wayoyin hannu suna daidaita takamaiman kuzari akan wasu abubuwa kamar saurin caji da aminci. Wayoyin zamani suna amfani da sel kusan 250 -270 Wh/kg, yana ba da damar duk{5}} aiki na rana a cikin na'urori masu nauyin gram 150-200. Ƙara takamaiman makamashi yana ba da damar ko dai tsawon rayuwar baturi ko mafi ƙarancin ƙira, ƙirar ƙima-dukansu masu ƙima da ƙima.

Batirin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka suna fuskantar matsaloli iri ɗaya amma tare da fifiko daban-daban. Batirin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka na yau da kullun yana auna gram 300-400 kuma yana adana 50-100 Wh, ta amfani da sel masu irin wannan takamaiman kuzari ga wayoyi amma an inganta su don ƙimar fitarwa daban-daban da halayen zafi.

Ƙimar takamammen ƙarfi da ƙayyadaddun ƙarfi suna wakiltar ma'auni na ayyuka daban-daban. Takamaiman iko (W/kg) yana auna yadda tsarin zai iya samar da makamashi cikin sauri, yayin da takamaiman makamashi ke auna yawan adadin kuzarin da yake adanawa. Batura da aka inganta don ƙayyadaddun makamashi na musamman suna sadaukar da takamaiman ƙarfi, kuma akasin haka.

Batirin lithium iron phosphate (LFP) ya kwatanta wannan cinikin. Suna bayar da ƙarancin takamaiman makamashi (120{2}}160 Wh/kg) fiye da madaidaitan nickel{4}} amma suna ba da takamaiman takamaiman ƙarfi da ingantaccen rayuwa. Kayan aikin wuta suna amfani da sel masu ƙarfi duk da cewa suna samar da ƙarancin lokacin aiki, saboda isar da isassun halin yanzu don aiki na mota yana ɗaukar fifiko akan ƙarfin duka.

Makircin Ragone yana nuna wannan alaƙar a hoto, yana nuna takamaiman makamashi akan wannan axis da takamaiman iko akan ɗayan. Chemistry na baturi daban-daban sun mamaye yankuna daban-daban, wanda ke nuna babu wata fasaha da ta yi fice a duka biyun. Aikace-aikace dole ne su zaɓi batura waɗanda suka dace da bukatunsu{2}maɗaukakin ƙarfi na dogon lokaci, babban ƙarfi don fashe ɗan gajeren lokaci, ko daidaita ƙira don gaurayawan amfani.

Takamaiman makamashi yana wakiltar ma'aunin aiki ɗaya kawai. Baturin da ke da takamaiman makamashi na iya fuskantar rashin kyawun rayuwar zagayowar, damuwa na aminci, tsada mai tsada, ko iyakacin yanayin zafi. Batirin sulfur na lithium{2} yana nuna ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kuzari (650 Wh/kg) amma suna fuskantar ƙalubale tare da rushewar sulfur da ƙarancin zagayowar rayuwa wanda ke hana kasuwanci.

Hanyoyin masana'antu suna shafar takamaiman makamashi mai amfani. Takamaiman makamashin tantanin halitta -takaitaccen matakin ya zarce fakitin{2}} ƙimar ƙimar saboda ƙarin taro daga da'irori masu kariya, tsarin sanyaya, da abubuwan tsari. Tantanin halitta da ke samun 270 Wh/kg zai iya isar da 180{6}200 Wh/kg kawai a matakin fakitin-mahimmanci ga masu ƙirƙira tsarin.

Zazzabi yana tasiri musamman isar da makamashi. Yanayin sanyi yana rage ƙarfin baturi, yadda ya kamata yana rage takamaiman ƙarfi yayin fitarwa. Motocin lantarki sun sami raguwar kewayo a cikin hunturu wani ɓangare saboda batura ba za su iya isar da takamaiman ƙarfinsu a ƙananan yanayin zafi ba.

Specific Energy

Bincike yana bin takamaiman haɓaka makamashi ta hanyoyi da yawa. Nagartattun kayan cathode kamar lithium{1}}nickel{2}}manganese{3}}cobalt{4}}oxide (NMC) tare da babban abun ciki na nickel yana haɓaka ma'ajin kuzari a ingantaccen lantarki. Silicon - tushen anodes yana adana ƙarin lithium fiye da graphite, ƙarfin haɓakawa. Kowane ci gaba yana tura takamaiman makamashi mafi girma yayin da masu bincike ke aiki don shawo kan ƙalubale masu alaƙa.

M{0}}asashen lantarki sunyi alƙawarin samun riba mai yawa ta hanyar kunna anodes na ƙarfe na lithium, wanda ke ba da takamaiman ƙarfi fiye da graphite. Kamfanoni da suka haɗa da QuantumScape, Ƙarfin ƙarfi, da Samsung suna bin kasuwanci, suna niyya takamaiman kuzarin 400-500 Wh/kg. Nasarar za ta canza motocin lantarki da na'urorin lantarki masu amfani.

Lithium -batir na iska suna wakiltar yuwuwar dogon lokaci{1} tare da ƙayyadaddun kuzarin da ke gabatowa 11,140 Wh/kg- kwatankwacin man fetur. Koyaya, matsalolin fasaha da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da kwanciyar hankali na electrolyte, ƙwarewar carbon dioxide, da ƙarancin zagayowar rayuwa suna kiyaye su cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Batirin lithium na zahiri{7}} ya rage shekaru ko shekaru da yawa baya.

Don fahimtamenene batirin lithiumda kuma dalilin da ya sa suke mamaye ajiyar makamashi na zamani, takamaiman makamashi yana ba da babbar amsa. Haɓaka fasahar lithium{1} ion a cikin shekarun 1990s ya ƙaru musamman ƙarfin baturi daga 120 Wh/kg a farkon sel Sony zuwa sama da 270 Wh/kg a cikin ƙira na yanzu{5}} fiye da ninki biyu cikin shekaru talatin.

Nau'o'in batirin lithium daban-daban suna nuna takamaiman matakan makamashi daban-daban dangane da sinadarai. Kwayoyin lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wayoyi suna samun takamaiman makamashi na musamman amma tare da iyakancewar rayuwa da damuwa na aminci. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) yana cinikin takamaiman makamashi don aminci da tsawon rai, yana mai da shi fifiko ga motocin bas ɗin lantarki da ma'ajiyar tsayawa duk da ƙarancin takamaiman makamashi.

Ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun makamashi na musamman yana tafiyar da binciken abu. Kayayyakin Cathode suna lissafin yawancin nauyin tantanin halitta, don haka haɓaka haske, ƙarin kuzari{1}} maɗaukakiyar cathodes suna haɓaka takamaiman kuzari kai tsaye. Rage abubuwan da ba su da aiki{3}}masu tarawa na yanzu, masu rarrabawa, marufi{4}} shima yana taimakawa ta rage yawan jama'a ba tare da rage kuzarin da aka adana ba.

Motocin lantarki na zamani sun dogara sosai akan takamaiman ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi na lithium. Fakitin baturi na EV na yau da kullun yana adana 50-100 kWh ta amfani da sel tare da takamaiman kuzarin 250-270 Wh/kg. Wannan yana ba da damar mil 200-400 na kewayo yayin da ake iya sarrafa nauyin baturi. Yayin da takamaiman makamashi ke ƙaruwa zuwa 350-400 Wh/kg, ko dai kewayo ya ƙaru daidai gwargwado ko nauyin baturi ya ragu, inganta ingantaccen abin hawa.

Hakazalika na'urorin lantarki na mabukaci sun dogara da takamaiman ƙarfin baturi na lithium. Wayoyin hannu, kwamfyutoci, kwamfutar hannu, da wearables suna amfani da lithium -ion ko lithium{2}}wayoyin polymer musamman saboda ƙayyadaddun makamashinsu yana ba da isasshen lokacin aiki a cikin ƙananan na'urori masu nauyi. Idan ba tare da takamaiman fa'idodin makamashi na fasahar lithium ba, lissafin wayar hannu na zamani ba zai yiwu ba.

Ƙimar takamammen makamashi tana auna kuzarin kowace raka'a (Wh/kg), yayin da yawan kuzarin makamashi yana auna ƙarfin kowace juzu'i (Wh/L). Aikace-aikace inda nauyi ya fi dacewa{1}kamar jirgin sama ko jakunkuna{2}} suna ba da fifiko ga takamaiman makamashi. Aikace-aikace inda sarari ke iyakance-kamar na'urorin lantarki na mabukaci a cikin ƙayyadaddun matsuguni{5}} galibi suna ba da fifiko ga yawan kuzari maimakon.

Daga cikin batura na kasuwanci, sel lithium na gaba{0} ion da ke da nickel{1} arziƙin cathodes a halin yanzu suna samun takamaiman ƙarfi a 250{4}}300 Wh/kg. Gwaji mai ƙarfi{7}Batir lithium na jiha sun nuna 400-500 Wh/kg a yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Batirin lithium-air bisa ka'ida sun kai 11,140 Wh/kg amma sun kasance nesa da amfani mai amfani.

Man fetur yana adana makamashi a cikin haɗin sinadarai da aka saki yayin konewa tare da iskar oxygen. Tunda ba'a kidaya iskar oxygen a yawan man fetur, takamaiman makamashinsa ya bayyana da yawa (12,700 Wh/kg). Dole ne batura su ɗauki duka mai da oxidizer, suna iyakance takamaiman ƙarfinsu. Wannan babban bambance-bambancen yana bayyana dalilin da yasa batura ke gwagwarmaya don daidaita yawan kuzarin mai.

Ba lallai ba ne. Takaitaccen makamashi yana wakiltar girman aiki ɗaya kawai. Batura masu ƙayyadaddun ƙarfi na iya samun ƙarancin rayuwa ta sake zagayowar, haɗarin aminci, tsada mai tsada, ko ƙarancin wutar lantarki. Mafi kyawun baturi ya dogara da buƙatun aikace-aikacen{3}}wani lokaci ƙananan ƙirar makamashi na musamman suna yin mafi kyawun gabaɗaya saboda kyawawan halaye a wasu wurare.

Auna takamaiman makamashi yana buƙatar hanyoyin gwaji a hankali. Don batura, ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi sun haɗa da cikar cajin tantanin halitta, sannan fitar da shi a ƙayyadaddun farashin yayin auna ƙarfin da aka isar. Rarraba jimillar fitarwar makamashi ta hanyar yawan tantanin halitta yana haifar da takamaiman makamashi a cikin Wh/kg.

Ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna kula da ma'auni don takamaiman ma'aunin makamashi. Hukumar Kula da Kayan Wutar Lantarki ta Duniya (IEC) tana buga hanyoyin gwaji da ke tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin masana'antun. Sakamako na iya bambanta dangane da ƙimar fitarwa, zafin jiki, da tsarin gwaji, don haka kwatanta takamaiman ƙimar kuzari na buƙatar fahimtar yanayin gwaji.

Ma'auni{0}wayoyin salula sun bambanta da fakitin{1}} ƙimar ƙimar mahimmanci. Fakitin baturi sun haɗa da na'urorin lantarki na gudanarwa, tsarin sanyaya, da kayan aikin da ke ƙara yawan jama'a ba tare da adana makamashi ba. Kunshin - takamaiman makamashi yakan kai kashi 65{6}}75% na ƙimar matakin-hannu. Dole ne masu zanen tsarin su yi lissafin wannan raguwa lokacin da ake ƙididdige aikin aikace-aikacen.

Specific Energy

Takamaiman haɓaka makamashi suna bin yanayin da za a iya faɗi bisa tushen abubuwan kayan aiki da ci gaban masana'antu. Ana ci gaba da samun ci gaba yayin da masu bincike ke haɓaka ƙirar lantarki, rage yawan kayan aiki marasa aiki, da haɓaka haɓakar masana'anta. Hasashen na yanzu yana nuna takamaiman makamashin lithium{2} ion zai kai 350-400 Wh/kg cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa ta hanyar inganta juyin halitta.

Canje-canjen juyin juya hali na buƙatar sabbin sinadarai. Ƙaƙƙarfan baturan jihohi na iya yin tsalle zuwa 400{4}}500 Wh/kg idan an warware ƙalubalen fasaha. Lithium -sulfur da lithium{7} batirin iska yayi alƙawarin ko da takamaiman takamaiman kuzari amma suna fuskantar matsalolin ci gaba. Batirin Sodium-ion yana ba da ƙananan farashi a kashe takamaiman makamashi, yin niyya ga aikace-aikacen da nauyin nauyi bai wuce tattalin arziki ba.

Tasirin makamashi na musamman ya wuce bayan aikace-aikacen bayyane. Grid{1}}Ma'auni na ma'auni yana zama mafi inganci yayin da takamaiman ƙarfin baturi ke inganta kuma farashin ya ragu. Na'urorin likita masu ɗaukar nauyi suna samun tsayin aiki tsakanin caji. Kayan aikin wuta suna zama masu sauƙi ba tare da sadaukar da lokacin aiki ba. Kowane haɓakar haɓakawa a takamaiman makamashi yana ba da damar sabbin damammaki a cikin masana'antu da yawa.

Don sufurin lantarki musamman, takamaiman haɓaka makamashi yana haifar da karɓowa ta hanyar rage nauyi da hukuncin kima na batura tare da mai. Kowane 50 Wh/kg karuwa a takamaiman makamashi yana fassara zuwa kusan 15-20% ƙarin kewayon abin hawa ko rage nauyi daidai, yana haɓaka sauyawa zuwa motsi na lantarki. Masana'antar kera motoci tana kallon 400 Wh/kg azaman kofa wanda ke sa motocin lantarki suyi gasa akan nauyi da farashi tare da motocin al'ada a duk sassan kasuwa.

Fahimtar takamaiman makamashi da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi yana taimaka wa injiniyoyi, masu zanen kaya, da masu siye su yanke shawara game da fasahar adana makamashi. Ko zabar sinadarai na baturi don sabon samfur, kimanta da'awar kewayon abin hawan lantarki, ko fahimtar dalilin da yasa wasu aikace-aikacen ke kasancewa fiye da ƙarfin baturi, takamaiman makamashi yana ba da mahallin mahimmanci. Yayin da bincike ke haɓaka wannan ma'auni, aikace-aikacen da ba zai yuwu a baya sun zama mai yiwuwa ba, suna faɗaɗa rawar ajiyar makamashin lantarki a cikin fasahar zamani.