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Hanyar gano wutar lantarki guda ɗaya

Na'urar samun ƙarfin lantarkin baturi muhimmin abu ne na tsarin sarrafa baturi. Ayyukansa da daidaito suna ƙayyade daidaiton hukuncin tsarin na bayanin matsayin baturi, kuma yana ƙara yin tasiri ga ingantaccen aiwatar da dabarun sarrafawa na gaba. Hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su don gano wutar lantarki ta salula sun haɗa da hanyar tsararrun hanyar ba da sanda, hanyar tushe ta yau da kullum, hanyar sayan amplifier aiki keɓe, hanyar sayan wutar lantarki/mitar kewayawa, da hanyar siyan da'ira na optocoupler madaidaiciya.

1. Hanyar Relay Array

Hoto na 8 -6 yana nuna zanen toshewar da'irar samun wutar lantarki ta baturi dangane da hanyar isar da saƙo. Ya ƙunshi na'urar firikwensin wutar lantarki ta ƙarshe, array na relay, A{3}}D (analog-zuwa{8}}dijital) guntu mai canzawa, na'urar gani da ido, da na'urar multixer. Don auna madaidaicin ƙarfin lantarki na n batir ɗin da aka haɗa cikin jeri, n{6}} wayoyi suna buƙatar haɗa su zuwa kowane kumburi a cikin fakitin baturi. Lokacin auna ma'aunin wutar lantarki na m{9}th baturi, microcontroller yana aika da siginar sarrafawa daidai, wanda ke zabar relay mai dacewa ta hanyar multixer, optocoupler, da relay drive, yana haɗa m{11}th da m{10} th wayoyi zuwa guntun mai canzawa A-D. Yawanci, juriya na na'urori masu sauyawa yana da ƙananan ƙananan, kuma kuskuren da ke haifar da juriya na na'urorin ya kusan zama maras kyau bayan haɗawa da lantarki mai rarraba wutar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari kuma, dukan tsarin da'ira yana da sauƙi; kawai masu rarraba wutar lantarki, guntu mai jujjuya AD, da daidaiton ma'anar wutar lantarki suna shafar daidaiton sakamakon ƙarshe. Kurakurai na resistors da guntu yawanci ana iya yin su kaɗan. Don haka, hanyar ba da sandar tsararru ta fi dacewa da aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar ma'aunin ƙarfin baturi mai girma da daidaitattun daidaito.

2. Hanyar Tushen Har yanzu

Asalin ƙa'idar daidaitaccen siyan wutar lantarki ta baturi ta amfani da madawwamin da'ira na yanzu shine canza wutar lantarki ta tashar baturi zuwa siginar da ke canza layi ta layi ba tare da amfani da juzu'i ba. Wannan yana inganta ƙarfin tsoma baki na tsarin.{1} A cikin fakitin baturi guda -, saboda wutar lantarki ta tashar baturi ba ta da ƙarfi, gabaɗaya tsakanin 2V da 5V, ƙarfin lantarkin yana da ƙarfi a lokacin fitarwa, don haka inganta ƙarfin tsoma baki na tsarin.{6}. Saboda haka, ana yawan zaɓin amplifier mai aiki ta tashar guda ɗaya a cikin tsarin ƙira don cimma wannan. Saboda bambance-bambancen ƙira da aikace-aikacen da'irar, da'irori na yau da kullun na iya ɗaukar nau'i daban-daban.

Da'irar da aka nuna a hoto na 8 -7 shine irin wannan misali; madawwamin da'ira ce ta yanzu wacce ta ƙunshi jerin-zaɓi amplifier mai aiki da keɓaɓɓen madaidaicin{3}}kofa-tasirin transistor.

Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga tsarin amplifier mai aiki, wannan da'irar tana da da'irar da'ira mai yawa{0}} kai tsaye{1}}tare da babban buɗaɗɗen maɗaukaki - riba mai zurfi da zurfin ra'ayi mara kyau. Matakin shigarsa yana amfani da da'irar amplifier na daban kuma an haɗa shi akan guntun siliki iri ɗaya, yana haifar da kyakkyawan aiki tsakanin su biyun, kuma matsakaicin matakin yana da babban ƙarfin haɓakawa. Dangane da ƙa'idar da'irori daban-daban, wannan da'irar tana da ƙarfi na gama-gari{5}} yanayin ƙin kin siginar. Don haka, lokacin amfani da amplifier mai aiki don auna ƙarfin lantarki na kowane sel a cikin fakitin baturi, babban gama-gari{7}} ƙiyayya da ƙarfin haɓakawa zai inganta daidaiton aunawa. Wurin da aka keɓe{9}}ofar -effective transistor (IGFET) na'ura ce ta semiconductor wacce ke amfani da tasirin wutar lantarki na da'irar shigarwa don sarrafa abin da ake fitarwa a halin yanzu. Lokacin da yake aiki a cikin madaidaicin juriya yanki, fitarwar magudanar ruwa na yanzu I yana da alaƙa da layi da magudanar shigar da magudanar ruwa - tushen ƙarfin lantarki Us. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙofa{14}}mashin hana transistor yana da girma sosai, yana haifar da ɗan ƙarami kaɗan, yayin da magudanar ruwa{16}}juriya ƙanƙanta ne, yana haifar da raguwar ƙarfin lantarki na jiha. Hoto 8-7 yana amfani da P{21}}ingantattun tashoshi{22}}Filin yanayi{23}} transistor (FET), kuma an haɗa Zener diode don kula da ƙofa akai-akai{26}}asashen wutar lantarki Ucs. Amplifier mai aiki yana aiki a cikin yankin layi. Idan an zaɓi ƙaramin kan{27}}juriya FET, raguwar ƙarfin wutar lantarki a kan-jihar ba ta da komai. Don haka,

mai yiwuwa

A cikin ma'auni na sama, bambanci tsakanin u₁ da u₂ shine ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi, kuma U₁ shine ƙarfin fitarwa na da'irar amplifier mai aiki. Yana da sauƙi a ga cewa Zener diode da aka haɗa da fitarwa na amplifier mai aiki yana ba da amsa, yana kiyaye kewaye a cikin daidaitaccen yanayi. V₀ ↑→ |Uz| ↓→ IL ↓→ |VR| ↓→ VI ↑→ |V₀| ↓. Inda V₀ shine ƙarfin fitarwa na amplifier mai aiki; VR shine ƙarfin lantarki a fadin resistor R₁; kuma VI shine shigar da bambancin wutar lantarki na amplifier mai aiki, watau VI=U₁ - U₂. Lokacin da da'irar ta kasance cikin ma'auni, VI=0. Da'irar da'irar tushen yanzu tana da tsari mai sauƙi, ƙarfin ƙin yarda da yanayin gama gari, ingantaccen saye, da kyakkyawan aiki.

3. Warewa Amplifier Aiki

Keɓantaccen amplifier aiki shine kayan lantarki wanda ke da ikon ware siginar analog ta hanyar lantarki. Ana amfani dashi ko'ina azaman masu keɓancewa a cikin sarrafa tsarin masana'antu kuma azaman keɓewar kafofin watsa labarai a cikin na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki daban-daban. Gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi sassa biyu: sashin shigarwa da sashin fitarwa. Waɗannan ana yin su daban kuma ana haɗa su ta hanyar haɗaɗɗiyar maganadisu. Ana daidaita siginar ta sashin shigarwa, ta ratsa ta cikin keɓewar Layer, sannan an lalata shi kuma an dawo da shi ta sashin fitarwa. Keɓantattun amplifiers masu aiki suna da kyau don da'irorin siyan ƙarfin lantarki na baturi. Suna keɓance siginar wutar lantarki ta tashar baturi daga kewaye, don haka guje wa tsangwama na waje da haɓaka daidaiton tsarin siye da amincin. An bayar da misali na aikace-aikace na yau da kullun a ƙasa.

Hoto 8.8 yana nuna aikace-aikacen ƙararrawa mai aiki da keɓewa a cikin tsarin sarrafa baturi mai ƙarfin 600V. Fakitin baturin ya ƙunshi batir ɗin gubar 50 a kwance -acid acid mai ƙimayar ƙarfin lantarki na 12V, kuma ana samun ƙarfin wutar lantarkin su ɗaya bayan ɗaya ta hanyar keɓewar da'irar amplifier. ISO 122 amplifier ne mai keɓewa wanda aka ƙera tare da na'ura mai juzu'i da fasahar haɓakawa ta Black & Decker (BBB) ​​​​a cikin Amurka, tana amfani da fasahar haɗin haɗin kai daidai da tsari na al'ada guda biyu-in{9}}layi (DIP). Sassan shigarwa da fitarwa na ISO 122 suna cikin da'irar samfur, an raba su da madaidaitan 1pF capacitors guda biyu waɗanda ke haifar da keɓewar Layer. Wutar keɓewar da aka ƙididdigewa ya fi 1500V (AC 60Hz ci gaba), tare da babban keɓewar keɓewa da babban riba daidaito da layi, don haka saduwa da buƙatun aikace-aikacen aiki. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 8.8, ana zana ikon shigar da ISO 122 daga fakitin baturi ta atomatik, kuma siginar fitarwa, wacce ke da alaƙar layi tare da shi, tana da yawa, sa'an nan kuma ta atomatik rarraba ta atomatik biyu daidaitattun resistors guda biyu da microcontroller ke sarrafawa kafin a tura shi zuwa shigarwar. Ana ba da wutar lantarki ta tsarin samar da wutar lantarki a kan allon kewayawa, kuma wutar lantarki ta tashar baturi ta keɓe. Ya kamata a lura cewa a cikin da'irar siyar da wutar lantarki ta tashar batirin 50th, ana ƙara inverter bayan keɓaɓɓen da'irar amplifier na aiki don canza siginar fitarwa daga korau zuwa tabbatacce. Hakanan ya kamata a nuna cewa kodayake keɓantaccen kayan aikin amplifier sayan da'irar yana da kyakkyawan aiki, babban farashin sa ya iyakance aikace-aikacen sa.

4. Hanyar Sayen Wutar Wuta / Mitar Juyawa

Lokacin amfani da da'irar jujjuyawar wutan lantarki/mita (V/F) don samun ƙarfin lantarkin baturi, mai sauya V/F yana da mahimmanci. Abun da ke canza siginar wutar lantarki zuwa siginonin mitar, yana ba da ingantaccen daidaito, layi, da shigarwar haɗin kai.

Hoto na 8 -9 yana nuna tsarin da'ira na mai sauya LM331 V/F da aka yi amfani da shi don madaidaicin jujjuyawar V/F mai girma-. LM331 babban aiki ne - hadedde V/F guntu wanda FS Microcontroller ke ƙera. Yana ɗaukar sabon da'irar nunin bandgap ɗin zafin jiki, yana ba da daidaito mai tsayi sosai a cikin kewayon zazzabi mai aiki kuma a ƙarfin wutar lantarki ƙasa da 4.0V.

A cikin wannan hanyar siye, siginar wutar lantarki ana jujjuya siginar kai tsaye zuwa siginar mitar, wanda kuma za'a iya sarrafa shi ta tashar tashar mai ƙaramar sarrafawa ba tare da buƙatar jujjuya A{0}D ba. Bugu da ƙari, don haɗa da'irar juyawa V/F a cikin tsarin sayan wutar lantarki na batir, madaidaitan da'ilolin zaɓi da da'irar ƙararrawa aiki suma suna buƙatar ƙira don cimma ayyukan sayan tashoshi da yawa{2}. Wannan hanyar tana ƙunshe da ƙarancin abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, amma ƙarfin lantarki{4}} sarrafa oscillator yana ƙunshe da capacitors, kuma kuskuren dangi na capacitors gabaɗaya babba ne, tare da manyan capacitors suna nuna kurakuran dangi har ma da girma.

5. Hanyar Samar da Wutar Lantarki ta Layin Optocoupler

Da'irar siyan wutar lantarkin baturi dangane da linzamin kwamfuta yana samun keɓance tsakanin ƙarshen siginar siginar da ƙarshen sarrafawa, ta haka yana haɓaka kwanciyar hankalin kewaye da ƙarfin tsoma baki.{0}. Hoto 8{14}10 yana nuna TIL300 na optocoupler na layi, wanda ya ƙunshi keɓantaccen ra'ayi photodiode bifurcated ta infrared LED haskakawa da fitarwa photodiode. Ana amfani da fasaha na musamman na tsari don rama rashin daidaituwa na lokacin LED da halayen zafin jiki, yin siginar fitarwa daidai gwargwado ga hasken wutar lantarki na LED. TIL300 yana da mafi girman keɓewa na 3500V, bandwidth mafi girma fiye da 200kHz, ya dace da keɓantaccen haɓakar siginar DC da AC, kuma yana da kwanciyar hankali na fitarwa na ± 0.05% / digiri. Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga zane, ƙimar wutar lantarki ta tantanin halitta guda ɗaya (bambanci tsakanin U1 da U2) an canza shi zuwa siginar yanzu Ip ta amplifier mai aiki A kuma yana gudana ta cikin layin optocoupler TIL300. Bayan opto{18}}warewa, yana fitar da Ip2 na yanzu wanda ke da alaƙa da Ip1. Wannan halin yanzu ana mayar da shi zuwa ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki ta hanyar amplifier A2 don juyawa A{23}D da siyan bayanai. Yana da kyau a lura cewa ƙarshen biyu na optocoupler na linzamin kwamfuta yana buƙatar samar da wutar lantarki daban-daban, masu lakabin I{20}}V da ±12V a cikin zane. Wannan yana nuna cewa da'irar amplifier na linzamin kwamfuta ba wai kawai tana da ƙaƙƙarfan keɓancewa da ƙarfin tsoma baki ba amma har ma yana kiyaye kyakkyawan layin siginar analog yayin watsawa. Saboda haka, ana iya amfani da shi tare da haɗin kai tare da relay arrays ko gating da'irori a cikin tsarin sayan tashoshi da yawa. Duk da haka, kewayensa yana da ɗan rikitarwa, kuma abubuwa da yawa na iya shafar daidaitonsa.

Hanyoyin Samun Zazzabi

Yanayin aiki na baturi ba kawai yana rinjayar aikin baturi ba har ma yana da alaƙa kai tsaye ga amincin motocin lantarki. Don haka, ingantaccen sigar zafin jiki yana da mahimmanci. Samun zafin jiki ba shi da wahala; maɓalli shine zaɓin firikwensin zafin jiki mai dacewa. A halin yanzu, ana samun na'urori masu auna zafin jiki da yawa, kamar su thermistors, thermocouples, thermistor transistor, da hadedde zazzabi.

1. Hanyar Samun Thermistor

Ka'idar hanyar samun thermistor ta dogara ne akan yanayin da juriya na thermistor ke canzawa tare da zafin jiki. Ana haɗa tsayayyen resistor a jeri tare da thermistor don samar da mai rarraba wutar lantarki, don haka yana canza matakin zafin jiki zuwa siginar wutar lantarki. Ana juyar da wannan siginar zuwa bayanan zafin dijital ta hanyar analog{2}}zuwa{3}}juyawar dijital. Thermistors ba su da tsada amma suna da ƙarancin layi kuma gabaɗaya suna da manyan kurakuran masana'antu.

2. Hanyar Samun Thermocouple

Ka'idar aiki na thermocouple ita ce jikin bimetallic yana haifar da damar wutar lantarki daban-daban a yanayin zafi daban-daban. Ta hanyar samun wannan ƙima mai yuwuwar thermoelectric, ana iya samun ƙimar zafin jiki ta hanyar duba tebur. Tun da ƙimar ma'aunin wutar lantarki ya dogara ne kawai akan kayan, daidaiton ma'aunin zafi da sanyio yana da girma sosai. Duk da haka, tun da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na millivolt{3}} sigina na matakin, ana buƙatar haɓakawa, yana yin hadaddun kewayawar waje. Gabaɗaya, karafa suna da manyan wuraren narkewa, don haka ana amfani da thermocouples don ma'aunin zafi mai girma{5}.

3. Haɗin Hanyar Samun Sensor Sensor

Yayin da ma'aunin zafin jiki ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a rayuwar yau da kullun da samarwa, masana'antun na'urorin sarrafa na'urori sun gabatar da na'urori masu auna zafin jiki da yawa. Yayin da yawancin waɗannan na'urori masu auna firikwensin suna dogara ne akan thermistors, ana daidaita su yayin masana'anta, yana haifar da daidaito kwatankwacin ma'aunin zafi da sanyio. Bugu da ƙari, za su iya fitar da ƙimar dijital kai tsaye, ta sa su da kyau{2}} sun dace da amfani a tsarin dijital.

Hanyoyin Samun Na Yanzu

Hanyoyin gano na yau da kullun sun haɗa da shunts, masu canji, na'urori masu auna firikwensin halin yanzu, da firikwensin fiber optic.

Ana nuna halayen kowace hanya a cikin Tebur 8-1.

Daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan, babban farashin firikwensin fiber optic yana iyakance aikace-aikacen su a cikin filin sarrafawa; shunts ba su da arha -kuma suna da kyakkyawar amsawa, amma suna da wahala a yi amfani da su saboda dole ne a haɗa su da madauki na yanzu; Za'a iya amfani da masu canji na yanzu don ma'aunin AC kawai; da Hall element na yanzu firikwensin suna ba da kyakkyawan aiki kuma suna da sauƙin amfani. A halin yanzu, shunts da na'urori masu auna firikwensin Hall na yau da kullun ana amfani da su a cikin saye da saka idanu na tsarin sarrafa batirin wutar lantarki.

Hanyoyin Gane Hayaki

Yayin aikin abin hawa, saboda rikitattun yanayin hanya da al'amuran masana'antar baturi, matsananciyar gaggawa kamar hayaki ko wuta na iya faruwa saboda zafi fiye da kima, matsawa, ko karo. Idan ba a gano waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru ba kuma a magance su cikin sauri, ba makawa za su ƙara ƙaruwa, suna yin barazana ga batura, abin hawa, da ma'aikatan da ke cikin ɗakin dakon kaya, suna yin tasiri sosai ga amincin aikin abin hawa. Don hana irin wannan lamari, an shigar da sa ido kan hayaki a cikin tsarin sarrafa batir a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma yana samun ƙarin kulawa.

Smoke sensors are diverse and can be categorized into three main types based on their detection principles: ① Smoke sensors utilizing physicochemical properties, such as semiconductor smoke sensors and contact combustion smoke sensors; ② Na'urori masu auna hayaki da ke amfani da kaddarorin jiki, irin su na'urori masu auna firikwensin hayaki, firikwensin hayaki na tsoma baki, da firikwensin infrared; ③ Na'urori masu auna sigari suna amfani da kaddarorin sinadarai na lantarki, kamar na yanzu{0}}nau'in firikwensin hayaki da ƙarfin lantarki{1}} nau'in firikwensin gas. Saboda na'urori masu auna hayaki sun bambanta, na'urorin hayaki na semiconductor ba za su iya gano duk iskar gas ba. Don haka, ana zaɓar takamaiman nau'i don gano takamaiman nau'in hayaki ɗaya ko biyu. Misali, oxide semiconductor hayaki na'urori masu auna firikwensin ana amfani da su ne musamman don gano hayakin hydrocarbon, ciki har da O₂, H₂S, CO, H₂, O₃H₂O, Cl₂, OH, CO₂, da dai sauransu Saboda iyakokin electrode, waɗannan na'urori masu auna firikwensin ana amfani da su ne da farko don gano hayakin inorganic, irin su O₂, CO₂, C SO₂, da sauransu.

Lokacin da ake amfani da firikwensin hayaki a cikin batura masu ƙarfi, zaɓin firikwensin yana buƙatar fahimtar nau'in hayakin da aka samar ta hanyar konewar baturi. Gabaɗaya, ƙonewar baturi yana samar da adadin CO da CO2 masu yawa, don haka yakamata a zaɓi na'urori masu auna siginar gas guda biyu. Tsarin firikwensin yana buƙatar daidaitawa zuwa yanayin girgizar dogon lokaci{3}} amfani da abin hawa don hana tayar da ƙarya saboda ƙurar hanya da girgiza.

Ya kamata a shigar da na'urar ƙararrawar hayaƙi a cikin tsarin sarrafa baturi a kan na'urar wasan bidiyo na direba. Bayan karɓar siginar ƙararrawa, yakamata ya fitar da ƙararrawa mai ji da gani da wuri da kuskure, da tabbatar da cewa direba zai iya ganowa da karɓar siginar ƙararrawa da sauri.

Misali, na'urar ƙararrawar hayaƙi da ake amfani da ita a cikin motar bas ɗin lantarki ta Olympics, wadda Cibiyar Fasaha ta Beijing ta ƙirƙira da farko, tana amfani da tsarin batir da ke da ƙarfin baturi na 9V alkaline ko carbon{1}, yana tabbatar da aiki na awa 24 na yau da kullun. Ana amfani da siginar ƙararrawa ta hanyar wutar lantarki na baturi 24V na abin hawa, wanda aka kawo shi daban don tabbatar da 'yancin kai na tsarin ƙararrawa. Ƙararrawa da aka rarraba suna gano yawan hayaki ta hanyar firikwensin hayaki na ciki. Lokacin da yawan hayaki ya kasance ƙasa da iyaka, mai kula da ƙararrawa na ciki yana saita fitarwa don buɗewa; lokacin da yawan hayaki ya wuce iyaka, mai sarrafa na ciki yana saita fitarwa zuwa gajeriyar da'ira, da sauri zana wutar lantarki {{7}V zuwa allon nuni don samar da da'irar ƙararrawa tare da samar da wutar lantarki -24V akan allon nuni, yana fitar da siginar ƙararrawa mai ji da gani. An nuna tsarin tsarin a cikin hoto 8-11.