Yadda za a kimanta yanayin cajin?
Ƙimar SOC
Yanayin caji (SOC) na baturi yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman sigogi yayin amfani da baturi. Saboda SOC yana shafar abubuwa kamar ƙimar caji / fitarwa (a halin yanzu), zafin jiki, zubar da kai, da tsufa, batura suna nuna rashin daidaituwa yayin amfani, yana sa ƙimar ƙimar SOC mai wahala.
Hanyoyin kimanta SOC
Yawanci amfaniHanyoyin kimanta SOCsun haɗa da hanyar gwajin fitarwa, hanyar haɗaɗɗiyar sa'a ta ampere, buɗe{1}hanyar ƙarfin lantarki, hanyar ɗaukar nauyi, hanyar juriya ta ciki, hanyar hanyar sadarwar jijiya, da hanyar tace Kalman.
1) Hanyar gwajin fitarwa. Hanyar gwajin fitarwa ita ce mafi ingantaccen hanyar kimanta SOC. Yana amfani da madaidaicin halin yanzu don ci gaba da fitarwa, kuma samfurin fitarwa na yanzu da lokaci shine ragowar cajin. Ana amfani da hanyar gwajin fitarwa akai-akai a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje kuma ana amfani da ita ga duk batura, amma yana da babban lahani guda biyu: na farko, yana buƙatar lokaci mai yawa; na biyu, dole ne a katse aikin baturin. Hanyar gwajin fitarwa ba ta dace da motocin lantarki a cikin motsi ba, amma ana iya amfani da ita don kula da batir abin hawa na lantarki.
2)Ampere{1}}hanyar haɗin kai. Hanyar haɗakar sa'a amper{3} shine mafi yawan amfani da hanyar kimanta SOC. Duk da haka, wannan hanya tana da matsalolin masu zuwa: kuskureauna halin yanzuyana haifar da karkatar da lissafin SOC, kuma kurakurai sun taru akan lokaci kuma sun zama babba; caji - dole ne a yi la'akari da ingancin aikin baturi; kurakurai sun fi girma a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai girma{1} ko lokacin da baturin ya canza da ƙarfi. Ana iya warware ma'aunin da ba daidai ba ta hanyar amfani da manyan firikwensin ayyuka na yanzu{{3}, amma farashin yana ƙaruwa; warware cajin - yadda ya dace fitarwa yana buƙatar ƙware ɗimbin bayanan gwaji da kafa ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi don caji{5}} ingancin fitarwa. Ana iya amfani da hanyar haɗin sa'o'i na ampere don duk batirin abin hawa na lantarki. Idan ma'aunin na yanzu daidai ne kuma akwai isassun bayanai don yanayin ƙimar farko, zai iya zama hanya mai sauƙi kuma abin dogaro na SOC.
3)Bude{1}}hanyar wutar lantarki. Buɗewar wutar lantarki{3} na baturi a ƙarshen fitarwa yana kusa da ƙarfin lantarki na baturi. Ƙarfin electromotive na cobalt -acid baturi aiki ne na maida hankali na electrolyte, wanda ke raguwa daidai gwargwado tare da fitar da baturi, don haka za a iya amfani da buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki don kimanta SOC. Matsakaicin buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki da alaƙar SOC na batir MH/Ni da baturan lithium{9} ion bai kai na batir cobalt{10}acid ba, amma ana iya amfani da alaƙar da ta dace da su don ƙididdige SOC, musamman tare da kyakkyawan sakamako a farkon da ƙarshen caji. Babban rashin lahani na hanyar buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki shine cewa baturin yana buƙatar hutawa na dogon lokaci don daidaita wutar lantarki, kuma yana ɗaukar sa'o'i da yawa ko ma fiye da sa'o'i goma kafin yanayin baturi ya farfado daga aiki zuwa kwanciyar hankali, wanda ke haifar da wasu matsalolin aunawa; ƙayyade tsawon lokacin hutawa kuma yana da matsala, don haka wannan hanya idan aka yi amfani da ita ita kadai ta dace da motocin lantarki kawai a cikin filin ajiye motoci. Hanyar wutar lantarki ta buɗe{14}} tana da kyakkyawan aikin kimanta SOC a farkon da ƙarshen caji kuma galibi ana amfani dashi a haɗe tare da hanyar haɗin sa'o'i na ampere.
4)Load ƙarfin lantarki Hanyar. A lokacin da aka fara fitarwa nan take, ƙarfin lantarki yana canzawa da sauri daga buɗewar yanayin wutar lantarki zuwa yanayin wutar lantarki. Lokacin da nauyin baturi ya ci gaba da kasancewa akai-akai, tsarin bambancin ƙarfin wuta tare da SOC yayi kama da na buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki tare da SOC. Amfanin hanyar wutar lantarki na lodi shine yana iya ƙididdige SOC na fakitin baturi a ainihin lokacin kuma yana da sakamako mai kyau yayin fitarwa na yau da kullun-. A aikace-aikace masu amfani, ƙarfin baturi na direba yana kawo matsaloli ga amfani da wutar lantarki. Don magance wannan matsala, ana buƙatar samfurin lissafi na bayanan ƙarfin baturi, ƙarfin ƙarfin nauyi mai ƙarfi, da SOC; don haka, ba kasafai ake amfani da hanyar wutar lantarki a kan ababan hawa na gaske amma galibi ana amfani da su azaman ma'auni don yankewar batir{9}}.
5) Hanyar Juriya na Cikin gida. An raba juriya na ciki na baturi zuwa juriya na ciki na AC da juriya na ciki na DC, dukkansu suna da alaƙa da SOC (Jihar Caji). Baturi AC impedance aiki ne na canja wuri tsakanin ƙarfin baturi da na yanzu, wani hadadden m mai wakiltar juriyar baturi zuwa AC halin yanzu, kuma ana auna ta ta amfani da AC impedance mita. Baturin AC yana tasiri sosai da zafin jiki; ko a auna shi a buɗe{4}}yanayin kewayawa bayan baturi ya daidaita ko yayin caji da fitarwa yana da cece-kuce kuma ba kasafai ake amfani da shi a ainihin abubuwan hawa ba. Juriya na ciki na DC yana wakiltar juriyar baturi zuwa halin yanzu na DC, daidai da rabon canjin ƙarfin baturi zuwa canjin halin yanzu cikin ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci. A ainihin ma'auni, ana cajin baturin ko fitar da shi a kowane lokaci na yau da kullun yana farawa daga buɗaɗɗen yanayin kewayawa; Bambanci tsakanin wutar lantarki da buɗaɗɗiyar wutar lantarki ta buɗe -wararrun kewayawa a tsawon lokaci guda, wanda aka raba da ƙimar halin yanzu, shine juriya na ciki na DC. Don batirin gubar{10}acid, juriya na ciki na DC yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin matakan fitarwa kuma ana iya amfani dashi don kimanta SOC baturi; Bambancin juriya na ciki na DC na batir MH/Ni da baturan lithium{11}}ion sun bambanta da na baturin gubar{12}}kuma ba a cika amfani da su ba. Girman juriya na ciki na DC yana shafar lokacin lissafin lokacin. Idan lokacin lokacin ya fi guntu 10ms, kawai juriya na ciki na ohmic za a iya ganowa; idan lokacin ya fi tsayi, juriya na ciki ya zama mafi rikitarwa. Daidaitaccen auna juriya na ciki na tantanin halitta guda yana da wahala, wanda shine koma baya ga hanyar juriya ta ciki ta DC. Hanyar juriya ta ciki ta dace don ƙididdige yanayin cajin baturi a cikin matakai na ƙarshe na fitarwa kuma ana iya amfani da shi a haɗe tare da hanyar haɗin kai na awanni{18} ampere.
6)Hanyar hanyar sadarwar jijiya. Baturi tsari ne wanda ba na kan layi ba, kuma yana da wahala a kafa ingantaccen tsarin lissafi don aiwatar da cajinsa{2}}. Cibiyoyin jijiyoyi suna da mahimman halaye marasa kan layi, tsari iri ɗaya, da ikon koyo. Za su iya samar da abubuwan da suka dace don tashin hankali na waje don haka su kwaikwayi halayen ƙarfin baturi don ƙididdige SOC. Ana amfani da hanyar sadarwar jijiyoyi na yau da kullun 3-Layer don ƙididdige SOC baturi: adadin neurons a cikin shigarwa da matakan fitarwa an ƙaddara ta ainihin buƙatun matsala kuma gabaɗaya aikin layi ne; adadin neurons a cikin ɓoyayyen Layer ya dogara da rikitaccen matsala da daidaiton bincike da ake buƙata. Matsalolin shigarwa da aka saba amfani da su don ƙididdige SOC na baturi sun haɗa da ƙarfin lantarki, halin yanzu, ƙarfin da aka tattara, zazzabi, juriya na ciki, da zafin yanayi. Ko zaɓin hanyoyin shigar da hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi ya dace kuma ko adadin masu canji ya dace kai tsaye yana shafar daidaiton ƙirar da nauyin ƙididdiga. Hanyar hanyar sadarwar jijiyoyi tana amfani da batura daban-daban, amma rashin amfaninsa shine cewa yana buƙatar adadin bayanai masu yawa don horo, kuma kuskuren ƙididdiga yana tasiri sosai ta hanyar bayanan horo da hanyar horo.
7)Hanyar tace Kalman. Babban ra'ayin Kalman tace ka'idar ita ce yin ma'auni mafi kyau na yanayin tsari mai ƙarfi a cikin ma'anar mafi ƙarancin bambance-bambance. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙididdigar SOC na baturi, ana ɗaukar baturin azaman tsari mai ƙarfi kuma SOC ɗaya ce daga cikin jihohinta na ciki. Bincike kan hanyar tace Kalman don kimanta batir SOC ya fara ne kawai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wannan hanyar ta dace da batura daban-daban kuma, idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin, ta dace musamman don ƙimar SOC na fakitin batirin abin hawa na lantarki tare da manyan sauye-sauye na yanzu. Ba wai kawai yana ba da ƙimar SOC ba amma yana ba da kuskuren ƙididdigewa na SOC. Duk da haka, rashin amfani da wannan hanya shine cewa algorithm yana da wuyar gaske kuma yana buƙatar babban ƙarfin lissafi na tsarin, don haka har yanzu bai shiga mataki mai amfani ba.
Ta cikin - zurfafa bincike kan hanyoyin kiyasin SOC daban-daban, an fara zaɓar hanyar haɗin sa'a ta ampere a matsayin tushe. Ta hanyar auna daidai halin yanzu na baturi, haɗe tare da buɗe{3}}hanyar ƙarfin lantarki na kewayawa da kuma la'akari da dalilai kamar cajin baturi{4}}yawancin fitarwa, zafin jiki, tsufa, da fitar da kai{5}, ana samun ƙarfin sarrafa batirin wutar lantarki na motocin lantarki masu tsafta. Ga motocin lantarki masu tsafta, fakitin baturi yana aiki da gaske cikin cikakken caji da cika{8} yanayin fitarwa, tare da yawancin tsarin caji akai-akai - caji na yanzu. Bayan an gama caji, akwai ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙima na farko (lokacin da aka gama caji, SOC yana da 100% ko ɗan ƙarami). Idan ingancin cajin fakitin baturi ya yi girma sosai (sama da kashi 95%), ana iya ƙididdige ƙimar cajin kamar 1 ko daidai da takamaiman ƙima. Yin amfani da wannan hanyar don ƙididdige SOC na iya samun sakamako mai kyau. Kuskuren da aka tara na kowane caji - zagayowar zagayowar ana kawar da ainihin lokacin da aka gama caji na gaba tare da sake daidaita ƙimar SOC ta farko.
Ta hanyar aiwatar da ma'auni mai girma{0} na ƙarfin baturi, halin yanzu, da bayanin zafin jiki don tabbatar da daidaiton abubuwan da aka ƙididdige SOC; ta hanyar kafa samfurin baturi mai tasiri ta hanyar nazarin ka'idar da dacewa da bayanan gwaji; ta hanyar gyara SOC a ƙarshen caji da fitarwa don kawar da kurakuran SOC da aka tara; da kuma la'akari da cajin baturi - abubuwan da suka dace na fitarwa, zafin jiki, tsufa, da kai -sakamakon fitarwa, babban- ƙimar tsarin SOC ya samu. Halin baturi -na{6}}ananan ƙididdigar ƙididdigar caji a hoto na 17-12.
(1) Hanyar lissafin ƙimar farko ta SOCAna samun ƙimar farko ta SOC ta hanyar ninka SOC da aka adana a wuta{0}}ashe da SOC da aka samu daga yanayin zafi{1}}OCV{2}}SOC ta hanyar ƙididdigewa mai alaƙa da tsarin lokacin layi. Ana buƙatar karanta ƙimar farko ta SOC a duk lokacin da tsarin ya kunna.
(2) Kididdigar ƙimar SOC tantanin halitta ɗaya da gyara ƙimar SOC tantanin halitta ɗaya bisa ƙimar SOHAna samun ƙarfin baturi ta hanyar duba tebur ta amfani da zafin jiki da cajin halin yanzu, kuma ana gyara ƙarfin baturi ta hanyar duba tebur ta amfani da SOH. An haɗa na yanzu ta hanyar amfani da hanyar ampere{1} sannan a raba shi da ƙarfin samun ƙimar canjin SOC. Ana ƙara ƙimar canjin SOC zuwa ƙimar farko don samun ƙimar SOC ta tantanin halitta ɗaya.
(3) Lissafin fakitin baturi SOCIdan tsarin ya sake kunnawa, ana ɗaukar ƙimar farko na SOC azaman fakitin baturi SOC; idan yana cikin yanayin fitarwa, fakitin baturi SOC yana karanta mafi ƙarancin ƙima tsakanin SOCs tantanin halitta; idan a cikin yanayin caji kuma ba a gama caji ba, fakitin baturi SOC yana karanta matsakaicin ƙimar SOC; idan a yanayin caji kuma an gama caji, an saita fakitin baturi SOC zuwa 1.
(4)Hanyar gyara SOC cell guda ɗaya a ƙarshen caji / fitarwaIdan tsarin yana cikin yanayin caji kuma fakitin baturi SOC ya fi 0.8, an ayyana tsarin azaman a ƙarshen caji; idan tsarin yana cikin yanayin fitarwa kuma fakitin baturi SOC bai kai 0.3 ba, an ayyana tsarin a matsayin yana ƙarshen fitarwa. Idan tsarin yana ƙarshen caji / fitarwa, SOC yana buƙatar gyara. Hanyar lissafin SOC a ƙarshen caji / fitarwa shine samun ƙimar SOC ta hanyar duba tebur ta amfani da zafin jiki, caji / fitarwa na yanzu, da ƙarfin lantarki.
