Farashin AGVJagoran Zaɓi: Wutar Lantarki, Ƙarfi & Buƙatun Cajin
A cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata, mun ga ƙarin ayyukan AGV suna samun zaɓin baturi ba daidai ba fiye da daidai. Ba saboda abokan ciniki ba su da ilimin fasaha, amma saboda ƙayyadaddun takaddun takaddun da masu samar da kayayyaki ke bayarwa ba su da amfani ga yanke shawara na gaske. Batura guda biyu duka masu lakabi 48V 100Ah, ɗayan farashin sau uku fiye da ɗayan. Menene bambanci? Abin da wannan jagorar ke tattare da shi ke nan.
Zaɓin Voltage
Mai siyar da AGV ɗin ku ya ce motar tana buƙatar 48V, don haka ku je siyayya don batir 48V. Ga alama madaidaiciya. Ba haka ba.
Basic physics farko.
Ƙarfin yana daidai da lokutan ƙarfin lantarki na yanzu. Don fitar da 5000W, tsarin 48V yana jan 104A, tsarin 36V yana jan 139A, tsarin 24V yana jan 208A. Maɗaukakin halin yanzu yana nufin igiyoyi masu kauri, saurin lamba mai saurin lalacewa, ƙarin zafi a cikin masu haɗawa. Yin amfani da 24V inda zaka iya amfani da 48V yana neman matsala a hanya.
Amma ainihin ayyukan ba su da sauƙi. Mun yi aikin ajiyar sanyi a bara, asali ƙayyadaddun 48V LFP. Yayin gwaji, juriya na ciki ya karu cikin yanayin sanyi, kariyar caji ta ci gaba da jan hankali. An canza zuwa 36V. Ƙananan inganci akan takarda, amma abin dogara. A cikin wuraren daskarewa, abin dogaro yana jujjuya inganci kowane lokaci.
Dokokina na zaɓin wutar lantarki:
24V
24V yana aiki don ƙananan nauyin 500kg, ƙarƙashin buƙatar wutar lantarki 2kW, m kasafin kuɗi. Gaskiya muna da wuya mu ƙara ba da shawarar 24V sai dai idan abokan ciniki sun nemi ta musamman.
48V
48V yana rufe yawancin AGVs na sito. Yana ɗaukar nauyin 1 zuwa 2.5 ton, manyan kayan aikin caji, zaɓi mafi fa'ida. Zaɓin tsoho idan babu wani abu na musamman da ke faruwa.
72V+
72V da 80V don manyan forklifts, kayan aikin tashar jiragen ruwa, haulers na waje. Samsung SDI ya gina tsarin 94V don 10-ton lantarki forklifts na lantarki wanda ake zaton ya dace da aikin diesel (wato daga gidan yanar gizon su, ba su gwada shi da kaina ba, amma rikodin waƙa na Samsung a cikin wannan sarari yana da ƙarfi).
Karfinta: Kowa yasan Formula, Babu Wanda Yasan Inda Zai Samo Abubuwan
Formula
Ƙarfi (Ah)=Ƙarfi (W) × Lokacin aiki (awanni) ÷ Ƙarfin wutar lantarki (V) ÷ Ƙarfafawa
Inganci: 0.95 don lithium, 0.85 don gubar acid.
Matsalar ita ce lambar "power". Masu siyar da AGV suna ba ku "sharadi na yau da kullun" ma'ana shimfidar benaye, madaidaitan lodi, babu farawa da tsayawa akai-akai. Gidajen ajiya na gaske suna da ramps, overloading, kololuwar sa'o'i tare da ci gaba da aiki. Zane na ainihi na iya yin aiki sama da 50% sama da takamaiman lambobi.
Abin da muke yi: tambayi mai siyar da AGV don lambobi uku. Wutar ruwa mai saukar ungulu, ɗorawa mai ƙarfi na sama, ƙarfin kololuwa. Sannan ƙididdige matsakaicin nauyi bisa ainihin hanyoyin abokin ciniki. Idan mai siyarwa zai iya ba da lambar "matsakaicin iko" guda ɗaya kawai, Ina ninka ta 1.3 kafin ƙididdigewa.
Don tunani, JD Logistics ya buga bayanai akan ɗakunan ajiyar su na Asiya No.1. Su Dilang AGVs suna ɗaukar 500kg, suna gudana 6 zuwa 9 hours ɗorawa akan sel da aka shigo da su, suna tallafawa cajin 50A mai sauri wanda ya ƙare a cikin mintuna 30 (tushen: takaddun fasaha na JD Logistics). A 48V, 50A caji yana nufin ƙarfin baturi a wani wuri tsakanin 40Ah da 60Ah. Wannan yana da ma'ana ga mai ɗaukar nauyi 500kg. Idan abin hawan ku yana ɗaukar ƙarin ko yana tafiyar da hanyoyi masu tsayi, haɓaka ƙarfin aiki daidai.
Chemistry: LFP, NMC, LTO Kowannensu Yana da Matsayinsa
Lithium sunadarai uku sun mamaye kasuwar AGV. Ga abin da na ɗauka:
LFP (lithium iron phosphate)
Zaɓin da ya dace don 90% na ayyukan. Rayuwa mai tsawo, kyakkyawan bayanin martaba, farashi ya sauko sosai. CATL da BYD suna yin amintattun ƙwayoyin LFP tare da manyan sarƙoƙi na wadata. Sai dai idan kuna da takamaiman dalili don zaɓar wani abu dabam, tsoho zuwa LFP.
NMC (nickel manganese cobalt)
Maɗaukakin ƙarfin ƙarfi fiye da LFP, amma gajeriyar rayuwar zagayowar da haɗarin guduwar zafi mai girma. Yi la'akari da NMC kawai idan ɗakin baturin ku na AGV ya yi ƙanƙanta don dacewa da ƙarar LFP da kuke buƙata. Da kaina ba na son NMC a cikin wuraren ajiya. Idan yanayin gudu na thermal ya faru, kuna rasa duk darajar sito na kaya, ba kawai AGV ba.
LTO (lithium titanate)
Harka ta musamman. Ƙarfin makamashi shine rabin LFP (ƙananan gaske), amma saurin caji yana da matsananciyar (5C ba matsala, cikakken caji a cikin minti 12), rayuwar sake zagayowar yana da matsananciyar ({3}} hawan keke), aikin yanayin sanyi yana da matsananciyar (aiki a debe digiri 30). Farashin kuma matsananci ne. Yanayi biyu inda LTO ke da ma'ana: ci gaba da aiki na 24/7 tare da caji na mintuna 10 zuwa 15 kawai, ko mahalli mai sanyi tare da matsanancin yanayin zafi. Idan aikin ku ya dace da kowane yanayi, ƙimar ƙimar LTO ta dace.
| Nau'in | Yawan Makamashi | Zagaye | Takaddun bayanai |
|---|---|---|---|
| LFP | 90 zuwa 160 Wh/kg | 2000 zuwa 5000 | Yana sarrafa cajin 1C lafiya, yana aiki ƙasa da digiri 20, matsakaicin farashi. |
| NMC | 150 zuwa 220 Wh/kg | 1000 zuwa 2000 | Yi hankali sama da cajin 1C, matsakaicin aikin sanyi, farashi mafi girma. |
| LTO | 50 zuwa 80 Wh/kg | 15000 zuwa 20000 | Yana sarrafa cajin 5C, yana aiki a rage digiri 30, farashi mai mahimmanci. |
Chemistry iri ɗaya na LFP, Ƙarfin Daban-daban: Yadda ake Zaɓi
Mutane suna tambayar wannan da yawa. Yawancin masu samar da kayayyaki ba sa bayyana shi da kyau saboda suna son ku sayi babba (mafi girma).
Ya fi girma ko da yaushe ya fi kyau? A'a.
Manyan matsalolin iya aiki
Na farko, nauyi.Fakitin LFP na 100Ah yana auna kusan 45kg, 200Ah yana auna 85kg. Wannan karin kilogiram 40 ko dai yana rage karfin lodi ko kuma yana kara yawan kuzari a kowace tafiya.
Na biyu, lokacin caji.A 0.5C, 100Ah yana ɗaukar awanni 2, 200Ah yana ɗaukar awa 4.
Na uku,Idan kowane motsi kawai yana amfani da kashi 30% na ƙarfin baturi, 70% na waɗannan sel suna zaune a babban yanayin caji kowace rana, yana haɓaka tsufa na kalanda.
Ƙananan matsalolin iya aiki
Ƙananan matsalolin iya aiki a bayyane suke: gajeriyar lokacin gudu, haɗarin abin hawa na mutuwa a tsakiyar motsi idan jadawalin caji ya ɓace.
Ƙa'idar girma na
Nuna yawan kuzarin da abin hawa ke cinyewa tsakanin damar caji, sannan zaɓi ƙarfin don haka kuna amfani da kashi 60 zuwa 70% na fakitin kowane zagayowar. Ba zurfin isa don jaddada sel ba, bai isa ba don ɓata kuɗi akan ƙarfin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba.
Misali: AGV na iya caji kowane awa 4, matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki 800W. Awanni hudu a 800W shine 3200Wh. A 48V wato 67Ah. Fakitin 100Ah yana nufin amfani da kashi 67% a kowane zagaye. Wannan shine wuri mai dadi. Fakitin 150Ah zai yi amfani da 45% kawai a kowane zagaye, ɓata jari a kan sel waɗanda ba sa samun ajiyar su.
DOD da Rayuwar Zagayawa: Wannan Ilimin Zai Ajiye Ku Kuɗi
DOD yana nufin Zurfin Zurfafawa. Tasirinsa akan rayuwar baturi ya fi girma fiye da yadda yawancin mutane suka sani.
Jami'ar Baturi (batteryuniversity.com) ta buga bayanan gwajin da zan kawo kai tsaye:
Kwayoyin LFP da ke hawan keke a 100% DOD sun kai 80% iya aiki a kusa da hawan keke 600. Kwayoyin da aka yi keke guda ɗaya a 40% DOD sun wuce fiye da 3000. Batir iri ɗaya, hawan keke mara zurfi yana ba da ƙarin adadin kuzari sau da yawa a tsawon rayuwarsa fiye da hawan keke mai zurfi.
Menene wannan ke nufi a zahiri? Zai fi kyau siyan ƙarfin ɗan ƙaramin girma kuma kawai amfani da rabinsa fiye da siyan daidai abin da kuke buƙata kuma ku kwashe shi kowane zagaye. Hanya ta biyu tana kallon mai rahusa a gaba amma zaku maye gurbin batura akai-akai.
Daidaitaccen tsarin mu a yanzu: SOC bene a 20% zuwa 25%, rufi a 80% zuwa 85%, motocin suna aiki a cikin wannan taga. Haɗe tare da cajin damar, rayuwar batir ta ƙara sau biyu zuwa uku idan aka kwatanta da cikakken caji/ hawan keke.
Ɗayan kuskuren gama gari
Mutane da yawa suna tunanin batirin lithium yana buƙatar cikakken fitarwa lokaci-lokaci don "daidaita." Wannan shine tunanin nickel cadmium, gaba ɗaya kuskure ga lithium. Zurfafa zurfafawa yana lalata tsarin lantarki. BMS na zamani yana amfani da kirga coulomb don kimanta SOC, baya buƙatar sake zagayowar fanko don daidaitawa.
Dabarun Caji: Damar Cajin ko Canja Batir
Duk hanyoyin biyu suna da wurinsu. Babu kuma "mafi ci gaba."
Cajin dama
Yana aiki lokacin da amfani da AGV ya tsaya ƙasa da 75%. Cajin mota yayin jiran ayyuka, jerin gwano, lodawa / saukewa. Kowane zaman yana tafiyar minti 15 zuwa 30. Yana ƙara zuwa isasshen lokacin gudu a cikin yini. Babu sa hannun ɗan adam da ake buƙata. Tare da LFP yana goyan bayan cajin 1C, mintuna 15 yana ƙara kusan iya aiki 25%, isa ga wata sa'a ko biyu na aiki.
Musanya baturi
Yana aiki lokacin da amfani ya wuce 95% kuma motoci ba za su iya tsayawa ba. Mota ta shiga tashar musanya, baturi ya canza a cikin mintuna 2 zuwa 5, nan da nan ya koma bakin aiki. Kasuwanci{5}kashe: kowace abin hawa tana buƙatar batura 2 zuwa 3, kayan aikin musanyawa da aka keɓe, masu aiki don yin musanyawa.
Al'amarin DHL ya dace a lura. Cibiyoyin rarraba su na duniya suna amfani da robots na haɗin gwiwar Locus Robotics tare da cajin dama. Zaɓan inganci ya inganta 50% zuwa 70%, raunin da aka samu a wurin aiki ya ragu da kashi 15% (tushen: gidan yanar gizon DHL da ɗaukar hoto na Ra'ayi). Wadancan nasarorin nagartar ba wai daga cikin mutum-mutumin kadai ba. Cajin dama yana ba da damar aiki na sa'o'i 24 na gaskiya ba tare da wani mutum ba. Adadin kudin aiki yana da yawa.
Matsalolin Sanyin Muhalli
Idan ma'ajin ku yana da wuraren firiji ko daskarewa, zaɓin baturi yana buƙatar ƙarin kulawa.
Batirin lithium yana da matsala biyu a cikin sanyi. Na farko, iya aiki ya ragu: a debe digiri 10, LFP yana riƙe da yiwuwar 85% iya aiki; a debe 20 digiri watakila 70%. Na biyu, ƙuntatawa caji: cajin lithium da ke ƙasa da daskarewa yana haifar da platin lithium akan anode. Lalacewar dindindin kenan tare da haɗarin aminci. Yawancin BMS sun ƙi cajin halin yanzu lokacin da zafin jiki ya faɗi ƙasa da digiri 0.
Magani masu amfani: ko dai saita wuraren caji a wajen wurin sanyi (motoci suna fitowa don caji, dawowa idan an gama), ko amfani da tsarin baturi tare da preheating (kwayoyin dumi sama da daskarewa kafin karɓar cajin halin yanzu).
Idan AGVs ɗin ku na aiki na tsawon lokaci a ƙasa da digiri 25, ƙila madaidaicin LFP ba zai yanke shi ba. Yi la'akari da LTO ko musamman batura sarkar sanyi. Kwayoyin LMFP na SVOLT suna da'awar aiki a rage digiri 30. Sun gina ingantaccen matsayi a cikin kayan aikin sarkar sanyi. Cancantar bincike don aikace-aikacen injin daskarewa.
Gudun Lissafi
Ƙididdiga masu ƙima. Ɗayan 48V AGV, -aikin motsa jiki guda biyu (awanni 16 a kullum), tsawon shekaru biyar -.
Hanyar gubar acid
Baturi (2 don juyawa): $4,000
Caja: $1,500
Lantarki na shekara (shekaru 5): $9,000
Kulawa na shekara (shekaru 5): $3,000
Sauya (Shekara ta 3): $4,000
Asara ta ƙarshe (shekaru 5): $12,000
Shekara biyar -: jimlar $33,500
Hanyoyin ciniki na LFP
Baturi (daya kawai): $12,000
Caja mai sauri: $3,500
Lantarki na shekara (shekaru 5): $5,750
Kulawa: $0
Canji: $0
Asara ta ƙarshe (shekaru 5): $2,000
Shekara biyar -: jimlar $23,250
Ajiye: $10,250, kusan 31%
Wannan baya kirga farashin zubar da gubar gubar ko ragowar darajar lithium bayan shekaru biyar.
Yaushe lithium ba ya da ma'ana? Aiki guda ɗaya (a ƙarƙashin sa'o'i 8 kowace rana), ƙarancin amfani. Ƙananan farashin lead acid yana ɗaukar shekaru 7 zuwa 8 don shawo kan shi. Idan hangen nesa na aikin ku shine kawai shekaru 3 zuwa 5 kuma da gaske kuna tafiyar tafiya guda ɗaya kawai, gubar acid na iya fensir mafi kyau.
BMS: Fiye da Kariya
Mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar BMS azaman hanyoyin kariya kawai. Yanke baturin yayin caji, fiye da -fitarwa, sama da{2}}yanzu, fiye da{3}}zazzabi. Aiki yayi. BMS na zamani yana yin ƙari sosai.
Ƙimar SOC
BMS mai kyau yana samun daidaito tsakanin ƙari ko ragi 1% zuwa 3% (da'awar takaddun fasaha na Infineon da ko rage 1% don mafitarsu). Me yasa daidaito yake da mahimmanci? Tsarin aika aika naku zai iya ba da ayyuka dangane da ainihin kuɗin da ya rage na kowace abin hawa. Manyan motocin caji - suna samun dogayen ayyuka masu nisa, ƙananan motocin caji suna samun gajeriyar gudu ko kuma zuwa caji. Idan kuskuren kimanta SOC shine 10%, wannan haɓakawa ya zama ba zai yiwu ba.
SOH saka idanu
Jihar Lafiya ta bin diddigin. BMS mai kyau yana bin diddigin iya aiki ga kowane baturi, yayi kashedin watanni masu zuwa lokacin da fakitin ya gaza. Yafi jiran mataccen abin hawa da magance lokacin gaggawa.
Gudanar da yanayin zafi
Ainihin sa ido{0}lokaci akan maki da yawa a cikin fakitin. Wuraren wurare masu zafi da wuri, yana rage wutar lantarki kafin matsalolin suyi girma.
Sadarwar sadarwa
CAN bas ko RS485 suna haɗawa da tsarin sarrafa kayan ajiyar ku. Bari WMS ya ga halin baturi ga kowane abin hawa.
Kada ku yi arha akan BMS. Mun ga abokan ciniki sun adana ƴan daloli kaɗan akan raka'a BMS na kasafin kuɗi, sannan gano kurakuran ƙididdiga na SOC don haka manyan tsarin aika ba zai iya amfani da bayanan kwata-kwata. Wataƙila kuma ba shi da fasalin.
Takaddun shaida: Ba kawai Takardu ba
Takaddun shaida guda biyu sun fi mahimmanci: UN38.3 da IEC 62619.
UN38.3
Yana rufe amincin sufuri. Gwajin kwaikwaiyon tsayi, hawan zafin jiki, girgiza, girgiza, gajeriyar da'ira, caji mai yawa, fitarwar tilas. Ana buƙatar kowane iyakokin baturi na lithium. Babu UN38.3, kamfanonin dabaru ba za su taɓa shi ba.
Saukewa: IEC62619
Yana rufe amincin batirin lithium na masana'antu. Gwaji abubuwa sun zo tare da UN38.3 amma sun fi mai da hankali kan yanayin aiki: shigar ƙusa, gwajin juzu'i, tabbatar da aikin BMS. IEC 62619 tana samar da tushen fasaha don alamar CE a Turai, takaddun shaida AS / NZS a Ostiraliya, amincewar PSE a Japan.
Muhimmiyar batu: takaddun shaida sun shafi takamaiman samfuri, ba ga masana'anta ba. Wasu masana'antun suna ba da takaddun samfurin guda ɗaya sannan su buga takardar shaidar akan duk abin da suke siyarwa. Lokacin siye, tabbatar da lambar ƙirar shedar ta yi daidai da abin da kuke siya. Takaddun shaida marasa daidaituwa ba su da amfani.
Bayanan kula masu kaya
Kadan da muka yi magana da su:
Daga cikin masu samar da kayayyaki na kasar Sin, BYD yana da babban kaso a kasuwa a cikin batir lithium forklift lantarki, wanda aka ruwaito kusan kashi 60% a kasar Sin. Batir ɗin su ya zo da garanti na shekaru 10. CATL da Hangcha sun kafa JV mai suna Pengcheng New Energy musamman don forklift da batura AGV. Idan kun riga kun yi amfani da motocin Hangcha, tashar na iya zama santsi.
Daga cikin masu samar da Yammacin Turai, jerin EnerSys NexSys yana da ƙarfi. Tsarin caji mara waya ta NexSys AIR na goyan bayan gubar acid, TPPL, da lithium akan ababen more rayuwa iri ɗaya. Yana da amfani idan jirgin ruwan ku yana jujjuya daga gubar acid zuwa lithium kuma kuna son kare hannun jarin kayan aikin caji.
Tambayoyin da za a yi lokacin da ake kimanta masu kaya:
Wanne masana'anta tantanin halitta, wane mataki (A-grade ko B-grade)? Shin za su iya samar da bayanan gwajin rayuwa na zagayowar don fakiti, ba kawai sel ba? Shin garanti na rufe iya aiki yana shuɗe ko gazawa kawai? Ta yaya suke kula da da'awar garanti (batir na jigilar kaya a duniya yana da tsada da jinkirin)?
Tunani Na Karshe
Zaɓin baturi ba shine shawarar siyan lokaci ɗaya- Abin da kuka zaɓa a yau yana ƙayyade farashin aiki da wahalar kulawa na shekaru 5 zuwa 10 masu zuwa. Kada ku kalli farashin sayan farko kawai. Yi ƙididdige shekaru biyar{6} TCO kafin yanke shawara.
Idan kuna da takamaiman aiki a cikin ayyukan kuma kuna buƙatar tabbatar da ƙayyadaddun baturin ku, aika sama da sigogin aiki, kewayon kasafin kuɗi, buƙatu na musamman (ajiya mai sanyi, fashewar{0}}hujja, sabbin ƙima). Mun taka wasu daga cikin wadannan nakiyoyin a baya kuma za mu iya taimaka maka ka guje su.
