Lithium{0}}Ion Traction Battery Pack Service Life

A watan da ya gabata mun rushe fakitin forklift 48V 400Ah da aka dawo daga cibiyar dabaru a Netherlands. Abokin ciniki ya yi korafin cewa ya mutu a hawan keke 1,400. Gwajin Lab ya nuna sel guda uku a cikin module 2 suna zaune a 2.6V yayin da maƙwabtansu ke riƙe da 3.2V. Wannan tazarar 600mV ba ta nan lokacin da fakitin ya shigo{11}} bayanan mu na QC ya nuna bambancin 8mV wajen bayarwa. Wani wuri tsakanin Rotterdam da watanni 14 na aiki guda uku{15}, wani abu ya tafi gefe.

Wannan yana faruwa sau da yawa fiye da ƙayyadaddun takaddun bayanai. Kuma yana da kyau a fahimci dalilin.

80% Matsala ta Ƙaura

IEC 62620 yana ayyana ƙarshen rayuwar batirin lithium masana'antu a matsayin ma'anar lokacin da ƙarfin aiki ya ragu ƙasa da 80% na ƙimar ƙima. Mai sauƙi isa. Fakitin 400Ah "ya mutu" a 320Ah. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai na siye suna kwafin wannan ma'anar da magana.

Amma ga abin da IEC 62620 bai gaya muku ba: an kafa wannan ƙofar don daidaitattun yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Sarrafa zafin jiki. Kafaffen farashin caji. Bayanan bayanan fitarwa iri ɗaya sun maimaita sau dubbai. Babu wanda ke aiki da forklifts a cikin ɗakin yanayi a digiri 25 tare da 0.5C akai-akai fitarwa na yanzu.

Abin Da Ake Kashe Fakitin Farko

Shari'ar Netherlands ta nuna kai tsaye a haɓaka rashin daidaituwar tantanin halitta. Mun ga wannan tsarin isa sau da yawa don sanin ba da gangan ba.

Kowane fakitin jirgi yana da ɗan bambanta tsakanin sel. Akwai jurewar masana'anta. Kaurin murfin Electrode ya bambanta micron zuwa micron a fadin layin samarwa. Adadin cikewar lantarki ba daidai ba ne. Waɗannan bambance-bambance ƙanana ne -wataƙila ±1.5% bambancin iya aiki a cikin tsari mai ƙarfi, ± 4% ko mafi muni daga masu samar da batirin lithium suna yanke sasanninta akan dubawa mai shigowa.

A cikin jerin kirtani, mafi raunin tantanin halitta yana saita taki. Fitarwa yana tsayawa lokacin da wannan tantanin halitta ya sami ƙarfin wutan yanke, ba tare da la'akari da ragowar ƙarfin sel masu ƙarfi ba. Cajin yana ƙarewa lokacin da mafi ƙarfi tantanin halitta ya cika, mai yuwuwar barin sel masu rauni kaɗan kaɗan.

Tantanin halitta mai rauni yana yin zurfafa dangane da iyawarsa. Yin hawan keke mai zurfi yana haɓaka haɓakar SEI akan graphite anode{1}}ƙaƙƙarfan ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin haɗin lantarki wanda ke samuwa ta zahiri yayin aiki amma yana ƙara girma cikin sauri cikin damuwa. Kowace zagayowar, rata yana faɗaɗawa. Tantanin halitta mai rauni ya zama mai rauni. Ƙarfin fakitin yana bin mafi munin mai yin aiki, wanda ke ƙasƙanta da sauri fiye da matsakaici.

Wani saitin bayanai na 2023 da masu bincike suka buga lithium{1}} sel ion da ke ƙarƙashin bayanan bayanan aikin forklift na gaske ya nuna daidai wannan tsarin. Kwayoyin da aka gwada a digiri 45 sun ƙasƙanci kusan sau biyu da sauri fiye da waɗanda ke da digiri 35 sama da kwatankwacin zagayowar ayyuka. Matsakaicin zafin jiki a cikin fakitin-wanda ke wanzuwa kwata-kwata ya danganta da matsayi, kwararar iska, da kusancin injin tuƙi na lantarki{7}}yana haifar da tasiri iri ɗaya: tsufa marar daidaituwa, yana ƙara rashin daidaituwa.

Zazzabi Ba Layin Takaicce Ba Kawai

Masana'antar forklift tana son faɗi adadin zafin aiki. "Yana aiki daga -20 digiri zuwa 60 digiri." Tabbas, fakitin zai yi aiki da fasaha a fadin wannan shimfidar. Amma akwai babban bambanci tsakanin "aiki" da "dorewa."

Dangantakar Arrhenius tana sarrafa ƙimar halayen sinadarai, kuma haɓakar SEI shine ainihin tsarin sinadarai. Ga kowane digiri 10 sama da digiri 25, hanyoyin lalata kusan ninki biyu cikin sauri. Fakitin da ke gudana a matsakaicin zafin jiki na digiri 35 kusan sau biyu cikin sauri kamar wanda aka kiyaye a digiri 25. Tura wancan zuwa digiri 45 - na kowa a cikin ɗakunan ajiya masu zafi ko fakitin da aka matse a cikin matsugunan chassis tare da ƙarancin iskar iska{9}} kuma kuna kallon 4x haɓakar tsufa.

Yanayin sanyi yana haifar da matsaloli daban-daban. A ƙasa game da digiri 10, haɗarin lithium plating yana ƙaruwa yayin caji. Lithium adibas a kan anode surface maimakon intercating da kyau a cikin graphite. Wannan hasarar iya aiki ce da ba za a iya juyawa ba tare da yuwuwar matsalar tsaro idan plating ta taru.

Mun fara ba da shawarar sarrafa zafin jiki mai aiki{0}}sauƙaƙƙiyar sanyaya fan, babu wani abin ban mamaki{1}} ga abokan ciniki a kasuwannin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya bayan ganin daidaiton tsari a cikin fakitin da aka dawo dasu. Haɓaka sanyaya $300 yawanci yana tsawaita rayuwar zagayowar ta zagayowar 800-1,200 dangane da yanayin yanayi. Domin rundunar jiragen ruwa da ke tafiyar da keken 400+ kowace shekara, wannan shine ƙarin shekaru 2-3 na sabis.

Abin da BMS zai iya kuma ba zai iya gyarawa ba

Tsarin sarrafa baturi yana lura da ƙarfin lantarki, zafin jiki, da na yanzu. Masu kyau suna daidaita sel yayin caji. Amma BMS ba zai iya gyara kuskuren asali ba{2}}zai iya rufe alamun kawai na ɗan lokaci.

Daidaitaccen ma'auni yana zubar da yawan caji daga manyan sel ta hanyar resistors. Daidaita aiki mai aiki yana shuffles caji tsakanin sel cikin inganci. Duk hanyoyin biyu suna daidaita wutar lantarki a ƙarshen caji. Dukansu ba su magance matsalar da ke ƙasa ba: idan ɗayan tantanin halitta yana riƙe da 380Ah yayin da maƙwabta ke riƙe 400Ah, daidaitawa yana tabbatar da sun kai ƙarfin lantarki iri ɗaya, amma tantanin halitta 380Ah har yanzu yana iyakance ikon fitarwa.

Ainihin ingancin ingancin yana faruwa a sama{0}zaɓin tantanin halitta, rarrabuwa, da daidaitawa kafin taron fakitin. Binciken shigowar Polinovel yana nufin ± 5mV bambancin ƙarfin lantarki da ± 1.5% madaidaicin iya aiki a cikin sel waɗanda aka ƙaddara don fakiti ɗaya. Buga waɗanda tolerances yana bukatar lokaci da kudi. Rashin bugun su yana kashe abokan ciniki sake zagayowar rayuwa.

Halayen Cajin Muhimmanci Fiye da Adadin Caji

Masu aiki suna damuwa game da saurin yin caji da batura masu lalata. A cikin dalili - ce, 0.3C zuwa 1C don sinadarai na LFP{4}} ƙimar caji yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri idan aka kwatanta da sauran dalilai.

Abin da ya fi mahimmanci: cajin wutar lantarki da zurfin fitarwa.

Bincike akan ƙwayoyin lithium cobalt oxide ya nuna cewa rage kashe cajin da 100mV kawai-ƙarar ƙasa da cikakken ƙarfin kowane caji{2}}tsawaita rayuwar zagayowar 2-3x. LFP sunadarai ya fi gafartawa, amma ƙa'idar tana riƙe. Batura sun jadadda zuwa iyakar iyakarsu da sauri fiye da waɗanda ake sarrafa su da gefe.

Zurfin fitarwa yana bin tsari iri ɗaya. Fakitin keken keke tsakanin 20-80% SOC zai wuce fakiti iri ɗaya da aka yi keken keke 0{6}}100% da kusan 3-5x ya danganta da sinadarai da zafin jiki. Ma'aikatan Fleet waɗanda za su iya girman fakiti tare da isassun buffer-maimakon gudanar da su don kwashe kowane motsi-dubi mafi kyawun aikin rayuwa.

Wannan ba ka'idar ba ce. Ana iya gani a bayanan garantin mu. Abokan ciniki suna gudanar da keken keke a cikin yanayi{2}}asashen da ake sarrafawa suna samun keken keke 3,{4}} akai-akai. Abokan ciniki masu tafiya mai zurfi a cikin wurare masu zafi na iya ganin 1,500. Kwayoyin iri ɗaya, BMS iri ɗaya, sinadarai iri ɗaya{8}} yanayin aiki daban-daban, sakamako daban-daban.

Kunshin Kasuwancin Architecture{0}}kashe

Galibin fakitin fakitin masana'antu suna amfani da gaurayawan jeri-jeri{0}daidaitacce. Tsarin 48V 400Ah na yau da kullun zai iya tafiyar da 4P16S- sel guda huɗu a layi daya suna kafa ƙungiya, ƙungiyoyi goma sha shida a jere. Rukunin layi ɗaya yana ba da wasu ainihin rabawa na yanzu da haƙurin kuskure. Hanyoyin haɗin haɗin suna gina ƙarfin lantarki.

Ƙididdigar layi ɗaya mafi girma suna ba da juriya. Rashin nasarar tantanin halitta guda ɗaya a cikin ƙungiyar 4P yana sauke ƙarfin rukuni da kashi 25% amma yana kiyaye fakitin yana gudana. Irin wannan gazawar a cikin tsari na 2P yana rage rukunin. Don kayan aiki inda lokacin da ba a shirya ba ya kashe $ 200-400 / awa, sakewa yana da mahimmanci.

Bangaren juyewa: ƙididdige mafi girman layi ɗaya na iya rufe matsalolin haɓaka tsawon lokaci. Rarraunan tantanin halitta na halin yanzu tare da maƙwabta lafiyayyu uku suna jan ƙasa daga tafkin gama gari, mai yuwuwar jinkirta ganowa har sai ƙwayoyin sel da yawa sun ragu sosai.

Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa tantanin halitta -sa idanu matakin ta hanyar BMS{1}}ba kawai module ba{2}}matakin{3}} yana ƙara zama mahimmanci ga manyan aikace-aikacen dogaro da kai{4}. Ƙarin kayan aikin ji yana ƙara farashi, amma yana ba da gargaɗin farko game da batutuwa masu tasowa.

Haƙiƙanin Tsammani

Don da kyau{0}}ƙirar fakitin jan hankali na LFP a ƙarƙashin madaidaitan yanayi{3}}Aikin digiri 25-35, daidaitaccen tantanin halitta, 80% DOD keke-yana tsammanin zagayowar 2,500-3,500 zuwa iyakar iya aiki 80%. Rayuwar kalanda yawanci ta wuce shekaru 8-10 ana ɗaukar yanayin ajiya na yau da kullun.

M aiki yana matsar da waɗannan lambobi sosai. Rashin daidaituwar tantanin halitta, matsanancin yanayin zafi{{1}, matsakaicin zurfafa zurfafawa, ko rashin isassun kula da zafi na iya sauke rayuwar sabis na gaske zuwa zagayowar 1,200-1,800. Mun ga duka biyu matsananci.

Tazarar da ke tsakanin mafi kyawun shari'ar da mafi muni- yana bayyana dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyoyin sayayya da ke kimanta fakitin batirin lithium masana'antu ya kamata su duba fiye da ƙayyadaddun kanun labarai. Nemi masu lanƙwasa ƙasƙanci daga kwatankwacin jigilar filin. Nemi daidaitattun bayanan salula daga samarwa. Fahimtar falsafar ƙira ta thermal. Duk wani amintaccen abokin haɗin gwiwar batirin lithium OEM na iya samar da waɗannan cikakkun bayanai{6}} kuma yakamata, ba tare da shinge ba.

Abin da Wannan ke nufi a aikace

Hasashen rayuwar sabis yana fitar da jimillar kuɗin lissafin mallakar mallaka. Fakitin $15,000 da ke isar da hawan keke 3,000 yana kashe $5/cycle. Fakitin guda ɗaya yana isar da zagayawa 1,500 yana biyan $10/cycle. Nan da nan fa'idodin aiki akan gubar -acid ya ragu sosai.

Manajojin Fleet da ke kwatanta masu samar da batirin lithium na forklift bai kamata su tsaya akan farashin naúrar ba kuma suna da'awar rayuwa ta sake zagayowar. Tona cikin ayyukan samo tantanin halitta. Tambayi game da ƙarfin lantarki da madaidaicin haƙuri a taron fakitin. Fahimtar sharuɗɗan garanti{3} musamman, menene ƙimar lalacewa ke haifar da ɗaukar hoto da waɗanne yanayin aiki ke ɓarna da shi.

Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na lalata batirin lithium ya shafi duniya baki daya. Abin da ke raba fakitin da suka shafi rayuwar da aka zayyana daga waɗanda suka gaza shine horon injiniya a kowane mataki: zaɓin tantanin halitta, ƙirar zafi, daidaitawar BMS, da sadarwa ta gaskiya game da iyakokin aiki.

Mun kasance masana'antun LiFePO4 na batura don kayan aiki na kayan aiki tun daga 2016. Hanyoyin da muke gani a cikin dawowar filin ba su canza da yawa ba: matsalolin zafin jiki, haɓaka rashin daidaituwa na cell, da yanayin aiki a waje da ƙira na ƙididdiga ga mafi rinjaye na farkon kasawa. Fakitin da ke aiki da kyau suna raba halaye na gama gari{3}}madaidaicin tantanin halitta, isassun wuraren zafi, da masu aiki waɗanda suka fahimci iyakokinsu.

Wannan ba abin burgewa bane fiye da sanarwar sinadarai na ci gaba. Amma shine abin da ke ƙayyade ko rundunar sojojin ku na ganin rayuwar sabis ɗin da aka ɗauka a cikin kasuwancin ku.